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Cell Concept Map By Sundus Kahwaji (Fun Facts about Cells (Groups of cells…

- - - - Prokaryotic cells are unicellular cells.They lack membrane bound organelles. They are the first cells on earth.
    - - Archaea
      - Bacteria
    - - The plasma membrane
        
        As in all cells, the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells is responsible for controlling what gets into and out of the cell.
      - Cytoplasm
        
        It is very similar to the eukaryotic cytoplasm, except that it does not contain organelles.
      - Genetic material (DNA and RNA)
        
        All prokaryotic cells have large quantities of genetic material in forms or DNA and RNA. Because prokaryotic cells, by definition, do not have a nucleus, a single large circular strand of DNA containing most of the genes needed for cell growth, survival, and reproduction is found in the cytoplasm.
      - Flagellum
        
        This organelle plays a critical role in the growth, survival, and reproduction of prokaryotic cells.
      - Ribosomes
        
        Prokaryotic ribosomes are different than the eukaryotic ribosomes. Similarly to eukaryotic ribosomes, prokaryotic ribosomes build proteins to help other functions of the cell.
  - - - Eukaryotic cells are cells with membrane-bound organelles. They can be unicellular or multicellular organisms.
    - - Plant Cells
        
        Organelles
        
        Cell Membrane
        
        The cell membrane is in charge of protecting the cell from its surroundings. The membrane monitors and controls what comes in and out of the cell.
        
        Cell Wall
        
        A cell wall is a layer surrounding plant cells. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. The cell wall provides a plant cell structure and protection. In bacteria, the cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan.
        
        Golgi
        
        To process and bundle macromolecules like proteins and lipids as they are synthesized within the cell.
        
        Nucleus
        
        The nucleus is considered to be the brain of the cell. It controls everything inside of the cell.
        
        Nucleolus
        
        The nucleolus makes ribosomes subunits of proteins and ribosomes RNA
        
        Cytosol
        
        This is often confused with cytoplasm, which is the space between the nucleus and the plasma membrane. The primary component of cytosol is water. Water makes up 70% of a cell and is primarily in the cytosol to dissolve other components.
        
        Lysosome
        
        Lysosomes help with the process of digestion and the process of waste removal. They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.
        
        Peroxisome
        
        Peroxisomes are responsible for protecting the cells from its own production of toxic hydrogen peroxide.
        
        Mitochondrion
        
        The mitochondria works to produce the cell's energy. It is considered to be the powerhouse of the cell.
        
        Vacuole
        
        Vacuoles are usually found in plant cells. Sometimes in animal cells. These structures are basically compartments that are filled with both inorganic and organic molecules, along with water to support the organelle.
        
        Chloroplast
        
        Chloroplasts work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells. These sugars are used as energy.
        
        Endoplasmic Reticulum
        
        Rough ER
        
        They are responsible for the assembly of many proteins.
        
        Smooth Er
        
        They make cellular products like hormones and lipids.
        
        Ribosome
        
        Ribosomes are a cell structure that produce protein. Protein is needed for many cell functions.
        
        Vesicle
        
        Vesicles are used to transport materials from one place to another. Vesicles also function in metabolism and enzyme storage as well.
        
        Nucleolus
        
        The nucleolus makes ribosomes subunits of proteins and ribosomes RNA.
        
        What is a plant cell?
        
        Plant cells are eukaryotic cells that are unique in terms of some key aspects.
        
        A plant cell diagram:
      - Animal Cells
        
        Organelles
        
        Nucleus
        
        The nucleus is considered to be the brain of the cell. It controls everything inside of the cell.
        
        Endoplasmic Reticulum
        
        Rough ER
        
        They are responsible for the assembly of many proteins.
        
        Smooh ER
        
        They make cellular products like hormones and lipids.
        
        Mitochondria
        
        The mitochondria works to produce the cell's energy. It is considered to be the powerhouse of the cell.
        
        Peroxisomes
        
        Peroxisomes are responsible for protecting the cells from its own production of toxic hydrogen peroxide.
        
        Golgi
        
        To process and bundle macromolecules like proteins and lipids as they are synthesized within the cell.
        
        Lysosomes
        
        Lysosomes help with the process of digestion and the process of waste removal. They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.
        
        Secretory vesicles
        
        Cell secretions are packaged in secretory vesicles. The secretory vesicles are then transported to the cell surface for release.
        
        Ribosomes
        
        Ribosomes are a cell structure that produce protein. Protein is needed for many cell functions.
        
        Microfilaments
        
        Provides support to the cell.
        
        Microtubules
        
        Microtubules are conveyer belts inside the cells. They move organelles like mitochondria, and chromosomes.
        
        Intermediate Filaments
        
        The intermediate filaments provide mechanical support to the plasma membrane from where it comes into contact with other cells.
        
        Centrosomes
        
        The main function of a centrosome is to provide and maintain the structure of the cell. It also organizes the microtubles and works to pull the chromatids apart during cell division.
        
        Nucleolus
        
        The nucleolus makes ribosomes subunits of proteins and ribosomes RNA
        
        The main function of the centriole is to help with cell division in animal cells. The centrioles help in the formation of the spindle fibers that separate the chromosomes during cell division
        
        What is an animal cell?
        
        They are eukaryotic cells that have membrane-bound organelles that have different function.
        
        An aniimal cell diagram:
      - Dinosour
      - Ciliate
      - Diatom
      - Dinoflagellate
      - Apicomplexa
      - Orchids
      - Protozoa
- - - - Differences in concentration, pressure, charge
    - - High moves toward low
    - - Diffusion
        
        Molecules move to equalize concentration.
        
        Often involves movement of water.
      - Osmosis
        
        Special form of diffusion
        
        Fluid flows from lower solute concentration.
      - Facilitated Diffusion
        
        Differentially premeable membrane
        
        Channels help molecule or ions enter or leave the cell
        
        Channels usually transport proteins.
        
        No energy is used
        
        Process of facilitated transport
        
        Protein binds with the molecule. Then the shape of the protein changes. Finally, the molecule moves across the membrane.
  - - - Particles
      - Organisms
      - Large Molecules
    - - Bulk-phase (nonspecific)
      - Receptor-mediated (specfic)
    - - Plasma membrane surrounds material. Then, the edges of membrane meet. Fianlly, membranes fuse to form vesicles.
    - - Phagocytosis- cell eating
      - Pinocytosis - cell drinking
  - - - Vesicle moves to cell surface. Then, the membrane of the vesicles fuse and the materials are expelled