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AA project (PERFORMANCE (BCAA (:arrow_up: ADG, :arrow_up: FI, :arrow_up:…
AA project
PERFORMANCE
Arginine
:arrow_up: ADG (normal + IUGR)
:arrow_up: FI
BCAA
:arrow_up: ADG
:arrow_up: FI
:arrow_up: FCR
N-acetylcysteine
:arrow_up: ADG
Glutamine
:arrow_up: ADG (with and without challenge)
could restore FBW at levels of preventive antibiotic use
MICROBIOTA
Arginine
preferred by
Streptococcus sp., Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp
Bacterial Metabolites
Citrulline
Proline
Polyamine synthesis
Arginine
Ornithine
Agmatine
Spermidine
Spermine
involved in resistance system 2+3 (
E. coli
) :space_invader:
:arrow_up: media pH
BCAA
Leucine
Bacterial metabolites
Isovalerate :question:
Isocaproate
Ammonia
H2, CO2
Valine
92% for bacterial protein synthesis
7 % for Oxidation
H+ Donor for
Clostridium bifermentas and Clostridium dificile
Isoleucine
predominant in
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Megasphaera elsdenii, Bacteroides spp.
Bacterial metabolites
Isovalerate :question:
Isocaproate :question:
Ammonia
CO2
inhibits protease activity of
Clostridium sporogenes
:forbidden:
forms ß-Defensis to induce resistance of epithelial surfaces against microbial colonization :forbidden:
Cysteine
:arrow_upper_right:
Lactobacillae + Bifidobacteria
:arrow_down: H2O2, OH, Nitric oxide, Malondialdehyd
:arrow_up: Antioxidant capacity, Glutathione peroxidase, Superoxide dismutase
:arrow_lower_right: E.coli counts
predominant in colonic bacteria >> small intestine bactria
Glutamine
90%
metabolized
to
Glutamate
Ornithine
Citrulline
Arginine
Serine
Aspartate
γ-Butyrate
involved in bacterial acid resistance systems :forbidden:
10% for bacterial protein synthesis
Major fermenters:
Escherichia coli, Klebsilla pneumonia, Streptococcus bovis, Peptostreptococcus spp., Clostridium perfringens, Acidaminococcus fermentas, Selenomonas ruminantium, Bacteroides fragilis
METABOLISM
Arginine
Ornithine
Citrulline
Proline
Agmatine
Spermidine
Spermine
Creatine pathway
Creatinine
Nitric oxide
Functions of Nitric oxide
Immune response
Neurotransmission
Vasodilation
:arrow_up: mTOR activation :muscle::skin-tone-3:
Glutamine
Glutamate
:warning: N-acetylglutamate :warning:
Citrulline
Argininosuccinate
Glutathione (GSH)
Antioxidation: blocks ROS :forbidden:
GABA
Growth hormone :arrow_up:
+Glucoe/ Insulin: :arrow_up: mTOR :muscle::skin-tone-3:
Ornithine
Polyamines
Putrescine
Spermidine
Spermine
Insulin
BCAA
BCAT
Glutamate
Glutamine
Alanine
α-Ketosäuren
BCKDH
Acyl CoA
Leucine
:arrow_up: mTOR :muscle::skin-tone-2:
:arrow_up: Insulin segretion
:arrow_up: Growth hormoe and IGF-1
Cysteine
Glutathione (GSH)
Taurine
Antioxidation
Membrane stabilization
Modulation of calcium signaling
Osmoregulation
GUT MORPHOLOGY
Arginine
:arrow_up: Small intestine weight (normal + IUGR
:arrow_up: Villous; :arrow_down: Crypth (normal + IUGR)
:arrow_up: Globlet cells
BCAA
:arrow_up: Villous + V:C ratio (more clear with challenge)
:arrow_up: Mucin-1
Cysteine
:arrow_up: Villlous + V:C ratio; :arrow_down: Crypt
:arrow_up: Ileal protein content
Glutamine
:arrow_up: Small intestine weight
:arrow_up: Villlous + V:C ratio; :arrow_down: Crypt (with and without challenge)
:arrow_up: Goblet cells
:arrow_up: Mucin-2
GUT FUNCTION
Arginine
:arrow_down: Severity of diarrhea
:arrow_up: mTOR
:arrow_up: Transepithelial resistance
:arrow_down: TNF-α during challenge
intestinal disaccharidases
:arrow_up: Lactase
Sucrase
Maltase
:arrow_down: Caspase-3 in IUGR
:arrow_down: Apoptosis
BCAA
Leucine
:arrow_down: Severity of diarrhea during challenge
:arrow_up: sIgA + IgA
:no_entry: Pathogenic entry
:arrow_up: Goblet cells during challenge
:arrow_down: Intraepithelial lymphocytes
Cysteine
:arrow_up: TJ protiens: occludin + claudin-1
:arrow_down: Caspase-3 during challenge
:arrow_down: NF-κB, TNF-α
:arrow_down: IL-6
Glutamine
:arrow_down: Severity of diarrhea
:arrow_up: TJ proteins: ZO-1, occludin, claudin-1, -2, -3
:arrow_up: ATP in enterocytes
:arrow_up: Heat shock proteins (HSP)
:arrow_down: NF-κB
:arrow_down:IL-1, -8
:!!: 15% of media Arg is used by microbiota
(> 10% is oxidized)
:arrow_up: Gln supply for bacteria reduces net utilization of
Lys, Leu, Val,
Orn, and Ser
N-acetylglutamate synthase is limiting factor in intestinal
de novo
Arg synthesis :arrow_right_hook: Arginase activity :arrow_down: in enterocytes
Polyamines
:!!: Leu: 10% from media (50-70% oxidized)