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The Context of Jesus' Birth (Holy Land (where Jesus was born,…
The Context of Jesus' Birth
Holy Land
where Jesus was born, Palestine, controlled by Israel today,
Three provinces are Galilee, Samaria and Judea, under a certain rule
Bethlehem was the birthplace of Jesus
Nazareth town where Jesus grew up
River Jordan place where Jesus was baptised
Sea of Galilee where Jesus met first disciples
Jerusalem, put to death and resurrected here
The Roman Empire
Palestine under control of Roman Empire, Palestine small but important, split Galilee, Samaria, Judea, Governors Procurator
Pontius Pilate governor of Samaria and Judea, Herod Antipas Galilee, seen as least important, Herod's ruling
animosity between Rome and Jews
Religion
Romans many gods, Romans didn't understand religious practices and and importance of religion
Taxation
charged heavy taxes (one tenth of the earnings) used to fund Rome, used to pay army
did not like taxes, Romans employed tax collectors, kept money for themselves, Jews and collectors didn't get along
Foreign Rule
Jews felt oppressed, long history of hardship, wanted their own land, waiting for a messiah
As a compromise they could practice their own religion, Romans only wanted land, roads = wealth
Messianic Expectation
Jewish belief, special relationship, Gods Chosen People, waiting Messiah, Prophets,
troubled history, land invaded, cities destroyed, longed for united and successful kingdom like one with David, David was Israel's greatest king
ever hopeful, waited, Messiah = great military leader, king-like person, anointed, lead to freedom, followed Moses
Moses
Jew, shepherd, saw a bush appeared to be on fire, wasn't burning, God's voice, God told Moses to lead Jews, frightened and unsure, faithful and visited Pharaoh
asked for release from slavery to Promised Land, refused, God sent 10 plagues, these were locusts, hailstorms, Pharaoh refused, Angel of Death, firstborn son killed, Jews goat sacrifice and smear blood
Pharaoh agreed, set off but chased, changed mind, Red Sea, parted the waters, Exodus, quite important, Mount Sinai, Torah, Ten Commandments,
40 years, struggled, God always there, faithful, Moses died before the Promised Land, great role model
Ancient Judaism
Political and Religious structures
Sadducees
small, powerful wealthy, high priests, collected temple taxes, temple important, controlled Sanhedrin highest law court and ruling council of Jewish faith, Torah was written word, were happy to be ruled, brought stability and wealth, much to lose
Zealots
hated Romans, Palestine was a gift, Zealots killed Romans and sabotaged, fight for freedom, hated Sadducees due to relationship with Romans, cause unrest
Pharisees
law of God important, holy men not priests, leaders in synagogues, lived in towns kept apart from ordinary, not as devout, teach how to live, followed law, sinners otherwise, believed in Messiah
The Essenes
simple life, like monks, remote kept them pure, followed correct interpretation of Torah, able to explain Torah, very clean and bathed a lot
Sanhedrin
means assembly, small and powerful, court of law for Jews, dealt with religious laws, no power to punish for civil law
made up of 70 members, elders, recognised by Rome, didn't want involvement, happy with Sanhendrin, Pharisees and Sadducees, not united
Tax Collectors
tax used to pay Roman army, collected by some Jewish. Jews worked hard to look after family, small houses not a lot of money,
didn't want taxes, tax collectors disliked worked for Romans, wealthy as they kept the tax, Jesus criticised for eating with collectors
story of Zacchaeus, Jericho, small man, ran to front, climbed up tree, told to get down, Jesus stayed at his
The temple and the synagogue
Temple
most sacred, beautiful, respected, large numbers visited, Women sat in Court of the Women, men prayed in Court of the Israelites,
only priest with duties could enter the Court of the Priests and Sanctuary
most important Holy of Holies hidden behind a veil, once a year by high priest on Day of Atonement,, prayed, God in temple
outer court = Court of Gentiles, business, changed Roman to temple, bought animals to be sacrificed, Court of Priests
Mark's Gospel, Jesus saw business in temple, angry place of worship, threw people out, 'Does not scripture say: My house will be called a house of prayer for all peoples?
Synagogue
important role, one in every town, held 100, women sat in gallery upstairs, men downstairs, men sit with older sons
Jesus attended Sabbath, lasted one hour, scripture read, rabbi gave a talk, scrolls kept in Ark treated with respect, word of God
Ark, wooden press, front synagogue, lit candle, flame not allowed to go out, reminded of God, menorah, seven candle holder