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Toxicology of alcohol (Determination of ethanol (Indirect methods (Breath…
Toxicology of alcohol
Determination of ethanol
Indirect methods
Breath out analyzers
- Non–invasive nature of sample collection
- Rapid analysis
- Minimal operator training
- Sampling and analysis allowed in non–laboratory environment
- Acceptable metrological properties of current instrumentation that demonstrate fitness–for– purpose
- Minimal cost
- Legislative mandates and parliamentary or high and/or supreme court endorsement.
- Henry–Dalton Law:
C ethanol in blood [promile = g/l] / C ethanol in air [mg/l]
- 1 ml of blood contains as much alcohol as 2,1 l follicular air (lung).
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Widmark’s equation
Cr = A/m.r = CV.V.0,789/ m.r.100
- where A – resorbed mass of alcohol [g] m – body mass [kg]
r – volume of distribution (a constant), for women r = 0,6 and for men r = 0,7
Cv – concentration of alcohol in a drink [% vol.] V – volume of an alcoholic drink [ml]
0,789 – density of ethanol [g/ml]
consequences
- 5.9% of all global deaths.
- 33.4 % cardiovascular and diabetes
- 17.1% unintentional injuries
- 16.2 due to GI
- 12.5 % cancer related alcohol
- 8.7 due to intentional injuries
- 8 due to infections
- 4% neuropsychiatric
Richardson Law
- Narcotic effects increases with the length of the carbon chain (molecular weight increase).
- The Law is valid not only for alcohol, but also for the series of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, their halogen derivatives, cyclic ketones, esters, etc.
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Toxicity of ethanol
- Toxic effects are associated with blood concentrations of 0.8 to 2.4 to 4.5 %, and subjects with concentrations of 3.0‰ or more are considered to be clinically drunk.
- Blood concentrations of 3,5 to 4,0‰ have been associated with fatalities.
- The minimum lethal dose is about 500 mL of 40% spirit ingested in about 0,5 h.
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Legal limits
- UK it is illegal with a concentration greater than 0,8 ‰ in the blood or 1,07 ‰ in the urine or 0,35 mg/L in the breath.
- In Poland it is illegal to drive with a concentration greater than:
- according to judicial code 0.2‰ in the blood or 0.1 mg/L in the breath.
- according to criminal code 0.5‰ in the blood or 0.25 mg/L in the breath.
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Elimination of alcohol
- obeys Michaelis–Menten kinetics.
- the rate of elimination over most of the blood ethanol concentration (BAC) range can be regarded as 0,15 g/L per hour (with a common range of 0,10–0,20 g/L per hour).
- harm is determined by:
consumed volume.
driniking pattern,
quality of consumed alcohol.
- can cause more than 200 diseases, eg. liver cirrhosis, cancer, alcohol dependence.
- researches suggest a relation b/t alcohol and infections like HIV.
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- Plasma/whole blood ethanol distribution ratio | Average ratio 1,18 Range ratio 1,10-1,35
- urine/blood ethanol distribution ratio | Average ratio 1,30
- tissue blood ethanol distribution ratio | brain; .94, blood: ,77, fat: ,02, liver: ,91, saliva: 1,12.
- blood/breath ethanol ratio (elimination phase) | Average ratio 2180 Range ratio 1837 - 2863