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MOTIVATION and EMOTION (Overview of Motives and Emotions (What is…
MOTIVATION and EMOTION
Overview of Motives and Emotions
What is motivation, and are there different types of motives?
Motivation
- a process that arouses, maintains, and guides behavior toward a goal.
A model of motivation:
Need
- an internal deficiency that may energize behavior.
Drive
- a state of bodily tension, such a hunger or thirst, that arises from an unmet need.
Response
- any action, glandular activity, or other identifiable behavior.
Goal
- the target or objective of motivated behavior.
External and internal stimuli
Incentive
- a reward or other stimulus that motivates behavior.
Types of motives:
Biological motives
- innate motives based on biological needs (hunger, thirst, pain avoidance, needs for air, sleep, elimination of wastes, and regulation of body temperature).
Stimulus motives
- innate needs for stimulation and information (activity, curiosity, exploration, manipulation, and physical contact).
Learned motives
- motives based on learned needs, drives, and goals (they are related to learned needs for power, achievement, affiliation (the need to be with others), approval, status, and security.
Homeostasis
- the steady state of body equilibrium.
Circadian rhythms
- a 24-hour biological cycle found in humans and many other species.
Are some motives more basic than others?
Hierarchy of needs
- Maslow's classification of human motivations by order of importance from basic biological function to self-actualization.
Self-actualization
- the highest and most fragile need; is reflected in meta needs. {wholeness, perfection, completion, justice, richness, simplicity, aliveness, beauty, goodness, uniqueness, playfulness, truth, autonomy, meaningfulness}
biological needs are the base of the pyramid and are prepotent, or dominant over the higher needs.
Basic needs
- the first four levels of needs in Maslow's hierarchy; lower needs tend to be more potent than higher needs.
Growth needs
- in Maslow's hierarchy, the higher-level needs associated with self-actualization.
Meta-needs
- are an expression of tendencies to fully develop your personal potential.
Self-determined theory:
Intrinsic motivation
- desire to engage in a behavior based on internal rewards. [internal rewards without any obvious external rewards; we simply enjoy an activity or see it as an opportunity to explore, learn and actualize our potentials]
Extrinsic motivation
- motivation that comes from outside of the person. [pay, grades, rewards, obligations, and approval]
Extrinsic motivation should not be overused, especially with children.
What happens when emotions are felt?
Emotion
- a feeling state that has physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components.
Emotions are characterized by physiological arousal, subjective feelings and thoughts, and behavioral changes in facial expressions, gestures, and posture.
Emotions are linked with many
Adaptive behaviors
- actions that aid attempts to servive and adapt to changing conditions.
Basic emotions
- according to Plutchik's theory, the most basic emotions are fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy, and acceptance.
What makes these emotions basic?
Basic emotions are fast and autonomic
Basic emotions develop early
Basic emotions are universal among humans
Basic emotions are shared with other mammals
Mood
- a low-intensity, long-lasting emotional state.