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Germany 1919-1939 (Life in Nazi Germany (The Carrot (Public Work Scheme…

- - - - Secret State Police Force
      - rounded up Communists, Jews and other threats to Hitler
      - Arrested and tortureed without cause to gain confessions
      - dressed like ordinary Germans
      - never as many members as people thought
      - people would inform for bribe or protection
      - aura of paranoia
      - nobody knew where they were operating
    - - Elite Force, picked for Aryan race
      - did anything, but very visible presence of Hitlers power
      - Specialists positions and authority
      - ran Concentration Camps
    - - At first used for political opponents
      - End of 1933, 150000 political prisoners were in the camps
      - Built across Germany
      - Prisoner clothes colour-coded, red for politicians, pink for homosexuals and yellow star of david for Jews
    - - Nothing said against Nazi's
      - Controlled all media
      - Germans only heard what Nazi's wanted them to
  - - - Everybody had a job and wage
      - Work and bread worth losing democracy for unemployed
      - Planting forests, building hospitals and schools
      - Public buildings like Olympic Stadium
      - Autobahns made work for 80000 men
      - Rearmament created jobs
    - - Hitlers Trade Union
      - Provided wages and secure work - impossible to be laid off
      - To get benefits, all they had to do was give Nazi's total loyalty
      - Allowed people to campaign for better conditions and more holiday
      - Made social security and leisure programmes, like regular breaks and working hours
    - - Tried to make the workplace more attractive to workers, factories freshened up, hot meal canines and smoke free rooms
    - - Made sure everyone had employment
      - Greatly reduced youth unemployment, ages 16-25 worked cheaply on public works
      - In 1935 membership was compulsory for anyone without a job
    - - Provided leisure time activities
        
        Concerts, plays, libraries, day trips and holidays
        
        Cruise liners, Norwegian coast, 180000 people in 1938
      - 2.3 million people in 1934 took KdF holidays, 10 million by 1938
      - KdF became worlds largest tourism operator of 1930's
      - German workers encouraged to buy savings stamps, when full, they'd exchange for Volkswagen Beetle
      - Nobody actually received a car, because of the war
  - - - Formed by Munich Uni Students
      - Leaders were siblings Sophie and Hans Scholl
      - Published Anti-Nazi leaflets
      - Quickly caught, put on trial and executed
    - - Young Germans who refuse to co-operate with Nazi state
      - Working class boys and girl aged 14-18 who didn't want to go to Hitler Youth
      - Sheltered army deserters and concentration camp escapees
      - Attacked Hitler Youth groups who were hiking and camping
    - - Gangs with more anti-Nazi political aims (communists)
      - In Leipzig, the Gestapo estimated around 1500 Meuten members, between 1937 and 1939
      - Since they aimed to destroy Nazi control they faced more ruthless attacks by the Nazi's than other groups did
    - - Kids who loved listening and dancing to 'un-German' swing music, blues and jazz
      - Nazis claimed the music was 'Black Music' therefore pollute the Aryan youth and undermine the teaching of black inferiority
      - Tried to wear American or English style clothes
      - Accepted Jews
      - Swing Clubs sprang up in all major cities despite persecution
  - - - Mass produced
      - Limited Range
      - Sold cheap
      - 70% of households owned one, largest in the world
    - - Main figure of propaganda
      - Excellent charismatic speaker
      - Speeches broadcast on radio + in cinema
    - - Aryan master race promoted
      - Anti-Semetic propaganda removed
      - Germany presented as a united, successful, strong nation
    - - Yearly event, where Nazi's show off unity and strength
      - Huge military parades and mock battles
      - Hundreds of thousands of people attended
      - Concerts, Speeches
      - Foreigners scared about Germany's strength
      - Impressed Germans
  - - - Saw Churches as potential obstacle
      - Introduced new German Faith Movement with more pagan ceremonies
      - Church Leaders liked the strength and moral discipline of the Nazi's
      - Churches appreciated his dealings with the Atheist Communism
      - Other Religions faced severe persecution for their open opposition
    - - There were 28 branches to the church, so no unified approach could be achieved - Divide and Conquer
      - Hitler rebrands them into a new Protestant German Christian Church under Reich Bishop Ludwig Müller
      - Hitler bans all Protestant Youth Groups and absorbs them into HJ
      - Ministers in this 'new church' have to swear allegiance to Nazi's, wear Nazi Uniform
      - BUT
        
        Committed Ministers refused to do this, facing CC
        
        Some started the German Confessional Church to rival Hitler's
        
        However, fear stopped this becoming a mass movement
        
        Most famous opposition - Martin Niemoller, famous poem, arrested but was WW1 hero so wasn't executed, sent to CC
        
        Less famous opponents were simply executed
    - - CONCORDAT, agreement with the Pope that Hitler wouldn't interfere as long as the Church doesn't criticise the Nazi's
      - Catholic Leaders argued that it was the lesser of two evils and brought protection to the Church in Germany
      - Hitler soon broke agreement - Catholic Schools closed, priests sent to CC and Catholic youngsters forced into HJ
      - Not until 1937 did the Pope express 'concern' over Hitlers regime, sent letter to all German parish priests to be read at mass attacking Hitler as a 'mad prophet'
  - - - First Attacks (1933-34)
        
        Jews determined by bloodline
        
        Jews were Hitler's scapegoat, said they were responsible for everything wrong in Germany
        
        Jews were attacked quickly after Hitler elected
        
        Jewish businesses were boycotted with brownshirts standing outside to stop Germans using them
        
        In 1934, all Jewish shops were marked with Star of David or word 'Juden'
        
        New laws introduced segregation on buses, trains, park benches where seats were marked specifically for Jews
        
        Anti-semetic propaganda everywhere, film was made making Jews seem less than human
        
        In schools, children taught to hate and persecute Jews, teachers humiliated Jewish children and ignored Jewish kids being bullied
    - - Nuremberg Laws
        
        All Jews lost German citizenship, so had no protection from the law
        
        Weren't allowed official papers or passports
        
        For Jews still in Germany life was increasingly difficult, shops wouldn't sell to them, chemists wouldn't sell medicine
        
        Jewish emigration increased, but had to pay fine to leave
        
        300000 of 500000 Jews left country, before emigration was halted
      - Kristallnacht
        
        Organised attack on the Jews on the night of 9-10 November 1938
        
        Ten thousand Jewish shops destroyed, homes set on fire
        
        400 synagoges burnt down
        
        91 Jews killed, 20000 sent to Concentration Camps
        
        Jewish community ordered to pay 1 billion marks for all of the damage done, that they didn't even do
        
        Nazi claimed it was a natural reaction of the German people
        
        Later on, official orders about it were found
    - - Concentration Camps
        
        Millions sent
        
        Harsh Conditions, disease and death
      - Labour Camps
        
        Same as CC but for young healthy Jews to work for Nazi's
      - Death Camps
        
        OUTSIDE TIME PERIOD
        
        "it lead to the eventual death camps..."
        
        The Final Solution
        
        Official Genocide
        
        Killed 6 million Jews during the war
  - - - Maths problems usually involved the military in an aggressive way
      - Chemistry lessons focused on developing chemical warfare and explosives
      - The education aimed to make children physically fit, to make them believe the Aryan race was superior
      - Subjects like history, biology and languages emphasise the importance of Germany and the German people, all others inferior
    - - specialist schools created to train Nazi Germany's future leaders
      - run by the SS
      - students had to be true Aryans, physically fit and members of Hitler Youth
    - - Had to spend 6 months in German Labour Service before going to Uni
      - Under Nazi Control
      - Girls weren't encouraged to go, 1933 had 18000 students, in 1939 less than 6000
  - - - 'Little Fellows' from ages 6 to 8
        
        mainly outdoor sports like hiking, rambling and camping
      - 'German Young People' from ages 10 to 13
      - 'Hitler Jugend' (HJ) from ages 13 to 18
        
        Created in 1920's and by 1933 there were 100000 members
        
        When Hitler came to power, all other organisations abolished
        
        Hitler Youth grew to over 2 million members members by 1933 ends
        
        Learnt military skills; marching, bayoneting, grenade throwing, trench digging, map reading, manoeuvring barbed wire and pistol shooting
        
        In 1937 Hitler rifle school was made and around 1.5 million boys were trained with rifles and military exercises
        
        There were tests to see if they had learnt Nazism and every boy who passed was given a dagger marked 'Blood and Honour'
    - - 'Young Maidens' from ages 10 to 14 and 'League of German Maidens' from ages 14 to 21
      - Taught girls how to become good mothers, housewives, house keeping, health and nutrition
      - Needed heathly body for child bearing
      - Had to be able to run 60m in 14s, throw ball 12m, complete 2hr march, swim 100m and know how to make a bed
      - Once grown up 'true Aryans' could win the 'Mother's Cross': bronze for having 4 children, silver for 6 and gold for 8
    - - At first it was Hitler Youth organisations were voluntary
      - In 1938 it became compulsory for all boys aged 15 to 18
      - In 1938 attendance was so poor authorities decided to make a new law
      - In March 1939 parents were warned they have their children placed in state-run orphanages if they didn't attend meetings
- - - - Extreme starvation, shortages
      - 7 million dead or wounded, low morale
      - Disorder, stealing
    - - Lack of recourses
      - Industry failings
      - War costs $38 billion
    - - Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates
      - Soviets (local councils) are set up
  - - - Weak coalition government (little stability)
    - - Gave all powers to the President (dictatorship)
    - - Small parties with little voters still won a voice
      - Power to remove chancellors and cabinet ministers
  - - - Army reduced to 100000 men
      - No tanks, aircrafts and only 6 ships
      - No conscription
      - Rhineland demilitarised
    - - Reparations of £6.6 billion
      - All colonies to League of Nations
      - 75% of iron ore taken, industry plummeted
    - - Alsace-Lorraine to France
      - Germany split - The Polish Corridor
    - - The War Guilt Cause
      - Union with Austria forbidden
    - - Threatened and unprotected
      - Starvation
      - Unable to pay
      - Humiliation
      - Not alone in causing war
      - A dictated peace (a diktat)
      - Weimar (always associated with Versailles) signed it known as 'The November Criminals"
  - - - Middle Class
        
        Badly hit, savings became worthless
        
        Monthly salary didn't keep up with rising prices
        
        Had to barter goods in exchange for food
      - Workers
        
        Not as bad, paid twice a day and spent straight away
      - Elderly and Fixed incomes
        
        Suffered terribly, as income stays the same as prices rose
        
        They couldn't afford to eat, heat their homes and buy clothing
      - Upper Class
        
        Benefitted, took out loans that a few months later would be worth nothing
  - - - Left Wing Communists
      - Taken part in Kiel Sailors Munity, responsible for 'Soviets'
      - Events
        
        Spartacists called for a mass rally, some armed
        
        Government sent in the Freikorps (Ex-army, communist hating volunteers) to crush revolt
        
        They took back control killing the leaders and many supporters
      - The Socialists and Communists didn't work together after this
    - - Right Wing Nationalists
      - Adolf Hitler
        
        Austrian, temporarily blinded at end of WW1
        
        Felt stabbed in the back, felt Jews and communists had lost them the war
        
        Got job as spy infiltrating the Bavarian Workers Party
        
        Gained influence within party
        
        Became leader and changed name to National Socialist German Workers Party (nicknames Nazi's)
      - Events
        
        Hitler heard that local police and army leaders were having a meeting without him (von Kahr, von Lossow, von Seisser)
        
        Hitler and his followers stormed into the Beer Hall, he fired a shot in the air, "The national revolution has begun!"
        
        Ordered the leaders into private room, they refused to support until General von Ludendorff arrived, then went on stage giving the impression they supported Nazi's
        
        Failure
        
        News reached Hitler army was fighting back at barracks
        
        Hitler left the leaders unattended
        
        The leaders asked to leave and reassure their families
        
        They then ordered the army and police to deal with Nazi's
        
        Hitler marched through streets to try and get public support
        
        Morning Nov 9th, got caught in a narrow street, shots fired between them and police, 14-16 Nazi killed, 3 police killed
        
        Hitler escaped but then caught along with von Ludendorff
      - Results
        
        Hitler put on trial for Treason (normally death sentence)
        
        Hitler used trial to become National Figure
        
        In prison Hitler wrote 'Mein Kampf' outlining clear Nazi ideology
        
        Sentenced for 5 years - Parole in 9 months
        
        Prison = appartement, treated heroically, receive visitors
        
        Main Arguments
        
        Weimar wrong for signing Versailles
        
        Germany stabbed in the back ending war on edge of victory
        
        Communism must be stopped
        
        German pride must be restored
  - - - People just lost interest
      - People were happy as longs Weimar kept delivering
      - Nazi representatives fell to 12 in 1928
      - Only 3% voted for Nazi's
    - - Gustav Stresemann (The Chancellor) and American Charles Dawes
      - USA
        
        Loan money to Germany, so it can rebuild
      - Germany
        
        Growing economy means pay reparations
        
        New currency - meant people save money, then banks could invest in new business
      - France
        
        Troops leave Ruhr
        
        Pays back US loans and but US goods to help rebuild
    - - Germany accept Versailles if France and Belgium never invade again
      - Big move towards peace, wanted to be more friendly
- - - - Propaganda
        
        Publicity which often gives false or exaggerated theme to make people believe something
        
        From 1930 mass rallies held in major cities
        
        Nazis published 8 newspapers to spread their message, Der Sturmer (the Attacker)
        
        Large poster/pamphlets campaigns voice simple views directly
        
        Propaganda shown repeatedly before films (cinema) and on radio
        
        Josef Goebbels (1st spin doctor) was in charge of propaganda
      - Promises
        
        Hitler told people what they wanted to hear (some were empty)
        
        Told business owners he'd protect them from Communists
        
        Told farmers he'd give guaranteed prices for products
        
        At a time of 6 million unemployed, he promised jobs
      - People
        
        Hitler had backing of rich wealthy business classes, they funded everything
        
        Alfred Hugenburg was a business man who gave Hitler; Finance, Influential contacts, Media
        
        Alfred thought he could control Hitler to promote his party, but it backfired and the Nazis got a boost
      - Party Structure
        
        Hitler reorganised the party to spread across Germany
        
        Party Pyramid In Book
    - - American loans recalled, German economy collapse
      - Hight unemployment and rising prices
      - Death of Stresemann re-introduced instability to Weimar, people lost faith
      - The fear of Hyper-Inflation meant people turned to extremist parties again. Both Nazi and Communist saw boost
      - Nazis 1928 - 12 seats in Reichstag -> 1930 - 108 seats
      - AJP Taylor - "It was the Great Depression that put the wind in Hitler's sails"
    - - Hindenburg
        
        Old and not clear in his thinking
        
        Didn't like Hitler, beloved he was a threat to democracy
        
        Could appoint and fire chancellors at will
      - In House
        
        In short: Hitler was far more stable than anyone in the government. He rose to power due to the incompetence of his opponents
        
        Both try to use Hitler to gain his supporters
        
        Both fail at being chancellor, when reelections keep happening Hitlers party gets upvoted and causes Hitler to become chancellor on 30th January 1933
        
        Von Papen was Chancellor for short time and wanted to use Hitler to own political gain
        
        General von Schleicher needed to become Chancellor with Hitler's help to get his supporters
        
        Both von Papen and von Schleicher fail to bring stability to Germany because they are too busy arguing over power
    - - Hitlers Heavy Lifters, put up posters
      - Disrupted political meetings (especially Communists) with physical violence to slow opposition
      - Marched in the street, gave image of strength and stability
  - - - Events
        
        Hitler called for another election
        
        Nazis needed to dominate the Reichstag - 2/3 needed
        
        so Nazis could pass laws without other parties help
        
        Communists were still a problem
        
        Days from the election the Reichstag burst into flames, 27 Feb
        
        Police found Marius von der Lubbe (later executed) a 24 year old communist dutchman beside the building with fire making materials
        
        Hitler immediately claimed the Communists were trying to start a revolution
        
        Meant he could get every communist shot and arrested, within hours 4000 had been arrested
      - Reichstag Fire Law
        
        Hitler called for Article 48 to be enabled
        
        He agreed making a temporary one (The Reichstag Fire Law)
        
        New law destroyed the Fundamental Laws, newspapers censored, private letters and phone calls checked, no expressing opinions, no societies or associations
        
        Hitler used the fire into making people believe only he could protect them
        
        As election closed in, Germans were bombarded with anti-communist propaganda and SA intimidated voters outside polls
        
        Nazis won 288 seats in election and were now stronger than ever
    - - Hitler bullied and promised different parts of the Reichstag into giving him the Enabling Act
      - Communists and other political opponents dealt with
      - The Act allowed Hitler to
        
        Have complete control
        
        Make laws without Reichstag or relying on other parties
        
        Take over local government and police, 26 April 1933
        
        Ban trade unions, 2 May 1933
        
        Ban other political parties, 14 July 1933
    - - The SA was led by Ernst Röhm, an ambitious old friend of Hitler
      - Röhm wanted to break up the regular army and put it under SA control
      - Hitler worried that this may provoke the army into starting a revolution against the Nazis
      - Night of 30 June 1934, Hitler used SS to kill his enemies
      - Enemies included people that annoyed him in the past like von Schleicher and von Kahr from the Beer Hall Putsch (11 years ago). Röhm was killed as well
      - Results
        
        Pleased the army because they inherited the whole SA
        
        Every person who could overthrow Hitler was gone making him more secure
        
        Possible up to 400 people killed
        
        Hitler claimed the murdered had planned to overthrow him, openly said that he gave the order 'to shoot the ringleaders in this treason'
    - - President Hindenburg died on 2nd August 1934
      - Marked the end of the democratic Weimar Republic
      - Before Hindenburg died, Hitler's government passed a law combining the roles of Chancellor and President (before they were separate and balanced with each other)
      - Hitler turned himself into 'Der Führer' - supreme leader ad dictator of Germany
      - To make the combination of the roles more respectable, Hitler held a referendum on 19 Aug 1934 - yes vote got 90%
      - Within hours of his death, Hitler ordered every individual member of the armed forces to swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler (Oath in book)