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CHƯƠNG 8: Process Improvement-CMMI (CMMI - process improvement model…
CHƯƠNG 8: Process Improvement-CMMI
The principles of process improvement
Understanding existing processes
introducing
process changes
to improve product
quality
reduce
costs
or accelerate
schedules
.
Most process improvement work so far has focused on
defect reduction
.
process attributes
Software process factors influence software quality
Process and Product Quality
Process quality and product quality are closely related and process improvement benefits arise because
the quality of the product depends on its development process.
A good process is usually required to produce a good product.
For manufactured goods, process is the principal quality determinant.
For design-based activity, other factors are also involved especially the capabilities of the designers.
Quality Factors
For
large projects
with ‘average’ capabilities, the development
process
determines product quality.
For
small projects
, the capabilities of the
developers
is the main determinant.
The development
technolog
y is particularly significant for
small projects
.
In all cases, if an
unrealistic schedule
is imposed then product quality will suffer
The Process Improvement Cycle
Process Improvement Stages
Process Measurement
quantitative process data
should be collected: A process may have to be defined before any measurement is possible.
The improvement driver should be the organizational objectives.
Classes of Process Measurement
Time
taken for process activities to be completed
Resources
required for processes or activities
Number of occurrences of a particular event
Goal-Question-Metric Paradigm
Goals
What is the organisation trying to achieve? The objective of process improvement is to satisfy these goals.
Questions
Questions about areas of uncertainty related to the goals.
Metrics
Measurements to be collected to answer the questions.
Process Analysis
and Modeling
Process analysis
The study of existing processes
to understand the relationships between parts of the process and to compare them with other processes.
Process Analysis Technique
s
Published process models and process standards
Questionnaires and interviews
Ethnographic analysis
Process modeling
The documentation of a process which records the tasks, the roles and the entities used;
Produce an abstract model of the process. You should normally represent this
graphically
This involves discussing process
activities
with s
takeholders
and discovering
problems
and possible process
changes
.
Process Change
Process Change Stages
Improvement identification
Improvement prioritization
Process change introduction
Process change training
Change tuning
Involves making modifications to existing processes.
Introducing new practices, methods or
processes
Changing the ordering of process activities
Introducing or removing deliverables
Introducing new roles or responsibilities.
Change should be driven by measurable goals.
CMMI - process improvement model
The CMMI framework is the current stage of work on p
rocess assessment and improvement
started at the Software Engineering Institute in the 1980s.
Process Capability Assessment
Intended as a means to
assess
the extent to which an
organization's processes follow best practice
.
Providing a means for assessment, it is possible to
identify areas of weakness for process improvement
There have been various process assessment and improvement models but the
SEI work has been most influential.
1/The CMMI Model
CMMI- SVC
CMMI-AQC
CMMI-DEV
The model has two representation
Using the
continuous representation
enables you to achieve
“capability levels.”
Using the
staged representation
enables you to achieve
“maturity levels.”
CMMI Model Components
2/Process areas
16 core process areas
that are relevant to process capability and improvement are identified.
Goals
Goals are descriptions of desirable organizational
states. Each process area has associated goals.
Practices
Practices are ways of achieving a goal -however, they
are advisory and other approaches to achieve the
goal may be used.
