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CHAPTER 4 - Birth and the Newborn Baby (BIRTH COMPLICATIONS (OXYGEN…

- - - - Characteristics assessed by the APGAR scale
        
        Reflex irritability (sneezing, coughing, grimacing)
        
        Muscle tone
        
        Respiratory effort
        
        Colour
        
        Heart rate
- - - - Most babies have irregular heart beats - overidentifying babies in trouble
      - Linked to increase in instrument-assisted deliveries and C-sections
      - Does not reduce already low rates of baby brain damage or death.
      - Complaints that devices are uncomfortable and interfere with labor
  - - - EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA - pain-relieving drug delivered continuously through a catheter into a small space in the lower spine
    - - Weakens uterine contractions increasing likelihood of C-section
      - Drugs cross placenta and so babies have lower APGAR scores, are sleepy and withdrawn, suck poorly and are irritable when awake.
  - - - Risk with vacuum extractor: can cause bleeding beneath baby's skin, bleeding within eye and beneath the skull
      - Risk with forcep use: increased risk of brain damage, and increased risk of injury to mother
- - - - PRETERM INFANTS: born several weeks or more before their due date. Although small, weight may appropriate for gestational age.
        
        Influence on parent behavior: appearance and behavior leads parents to be less sensitive and responsive in caring for babies, leading to increased risk for child abuse.
        
        INTERVENTIONS FOR PRETERM BABIES: 1. Meet needs mechanically via and isolette to help with thermoregulation and breathing; 2. KANGAROO CARE - placing infant vertically skin to skin with parent so parents acts as human incubator.
        
        Benefits of Kangaroo Care: Increased oxygenation and temperature regulation, increased sleep, alertness, breast-feeding rates and survival. Provides infant with gentle stimulation.
      - SMALL FOR DATE INFANTS: below expected weight considering length of pregnanccy
  - - - EMPLOYMENT LEAVE
      - UNIVERSAL, HIGH-QUALITY HEALTH CARE
      - PRENATAL VISITS
      - OTHER SOCIAL SERVICES
- - - - Infants spend so much time in REM sleep because it is vital to CNS growth (they get little stimulation) and oxygenation of eye tissues
    - - Cries of traumatized babies are shrill, piercing and short in duration - parents often get frustrated, angry and resentful.
      - COLIC - intense crying and difficulty calming down in babies before 6 months
  - - - Given to infants all over the world - taught us lots about individual and cultural differences in newborn behavior
      - Can increase positive interaction with babies when parents understand their babies better
      - Newborn behavior and parenting styles combine to shape development
- - - - Short term effects on infant: Poor sleep for babies, less attentive to their surroundings, high levels of cortisol
      - Long term effects on infant if depression is persistent: parents view infants negatively, use inconsistent discipline, adjustment concerns, neglect experiences, developmental delays, irritability, attachment difficulties
      - PATERNAL DEPRESSION - strong predictor of child behavior problems