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cell injury: adaptations (hyperplasia (examples (physiological: female…
cell injury: adaptations
hyperplasia
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examples
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pathological: benign prostatic hyperplasia, endometrial hyperplasia, verruca plantaris (plantar warts), gynecomastia
dysplasia can result from pathologic hyperplasia: this is the presence of cells of an abnormal type within a tissue (example: cervical dysplasia)
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metaplasia
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examples
Barrett's esophagus: continued acid reflux replacement of the normal stratified squamous epithelium lining of the esophagus by simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells (can lead to esophageal adenocarcinoma)
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atrophy
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etiology: decreased workload, oxygen/nutrient deprivation, decreased hormonal stimulation, denervation, aging
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examples
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atrophic gastritis: associated with antibodies that block or bind intrinsic factor, leads to pernicious anemia