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clinical oncology (cachexia (progressive loss of body fat and lean mass,…
clinical oncology
cachexia
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weakness, anorexia, anemai
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mechanism is not well understood; we think this is due to effect of cytokines produced by tumor and host
paraneoplastic syndrome
clinical signs/symptoms that result from substances produced by the tumor, and occurring remotely
examples
hypercalemia: most common paraneoplastic syndrome, increased Ca2+ in serum due to a PTH-like substance, BREAST, LUNG, KIDNEY, OVARIAN CARCINOMAS
endocrinopathies: ectopic hormone production, Cushing Syndrome with lung (small cell) cancer from ACTH
neuromyopathic syndromes: polymyositis (inflammation of muscle tissue and weakness), peripheral neuropathy, myasthenia gravis
grade and stage
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stage: extent of spread
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N: node involvement (N0: none, N1-N3: increasing number of nodes)
M: metastases (M0: none, M1: present)