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Basal nuclei (Function (Disorders (Motor syndromes (Extra pyramidal…

- - - - Pre-motor and motor cortex
        
        The re-entrance system
      - Projects to frontal lobe
      - PMC, SMA and MC
  - - - Paresis
    - - Diverse functions
        
        Frontal lobe
    - - Pyramidal tract syndrome
        
        spasticity and paresis
      - Extra pyramidal syndrome
        
        Invuluntary movement
        
        muscle rigidity
        
        immobility without paresis
  - - - engage different areas in BN
        
        Thalamic output
        
        to sites where circuit is originated
- - - - Silent
        
        Response to peripheral stimulation
        
        Major receipient
        
        Glutamate
        
        Excitatory
        
        Releases GABA when excited #
        
        Requires Glutamate
        
        Except during movement
      - 90 to 95% are GABA
        
        Cortical input and sole output
        
        Input is topographic
  - - - Output to Thalamus #
        
        GABA-ergic connections #
  - - - Input into BN
        
        Dopamine
    - - Output to Thalamus Inhibition therefore suppression of movement
        
        Gaba-ergic Connections
      - Tonic inhibition to Thalamus and Brainstem
- - - - Activate Putamen
        
        Inhibition of GPi
        
        Disinhibiton of Thalamus
        
        Motorcortex excites SPC
        
        Movement facilitated
        
        Thalamus excites MC tonicaly
        
        No inhibition of Thalamus
        
        Releases GABA
  - - - Putamen inhibited
        
        GPe Tonically active
        
        Inhibits GPi
        
        Thalamus Disinhibited
        
        Cortical Output increases
        
        Movement Facilitated
        
        Tonically excites MC
        
        No inhibition on Thalamus
        
        Release of GABA
        
        no release
      - Binding of dopamine to D2 receptor cells causes hyper-polarization of neurons
  - - - Dopamine synapses through out the brain
        
        Modulate action in the pathways
- - - - Parkinson's disease
        
        Lack of dopamine
        
        increase output from GPi and STN
        
        Inhibits Thalamus
        
        inhibit movement
    - - Impaired initiation of movement
        
        Akinesia
      - Reduced amplitude and velocity of Voluntary movement
        
        Bradykinesia
  - - - Dyskinesia
        
        Involuntary movements
        
        Dystonia
        
        Ballism
        
        Chorea
        
        Athetosis
  - - - Involuntary violent movement of Contralateral limb
      - Palliodotomy
        
        Removal of part of the Globus pallidus
        
        normalizing STN
        
        Eliminate abnormal or excessive output form GPi
        
        Relieves dyskinesia and Parkinson disease
- - - - Drugs increase more than 10 fold of Dopamine
        
        Brain synapses with dopamine frantically
        
        communication is altered
    - - increase motivation to receive stimulus
    - - Risk of addiction
      - Motivation deficiency
        
        Depression
        
        ADHD
      - Impulsivity
        
        Tourette's syndrome
        
        Impulsive behaviors
- - - - Activate Putamen
        
        Inhibits GPi
        
        Disinhibition of Thalamus
        
        Motor Cortex fire to SPC
        
        Movement Facilitated
        
        Thalamus receives input from other regions not just pathway
        
        Thalamus is tonically firing to MC
        
        No inhibition onto thalamus
        
        Putamen excited releases GABA
      - Releases Glutamate excites Putamen
  - - - Activate Putamen
        
        Inhibiton of Tonically active GPe
        
        Inhibition of tonically active STN
        
        excitation of GPi
        
        Inhibition of Thalamus
        
        Motor Cortex activity decreases
        
        1 more item...
        
        Releases GABA
        
        STN releases Glutamate
        
        Releases GABA
        
        Releases GABA
      - Releases Glutamate excites Putamen