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unit 3 (Animal Behavior (INNATE- born with , does not need to be taught…

- - - - oligotrphic has low nutrients and high oxygen
      - eutrophic has high nutrients and low oxygen
    - - oligotrophic- can get more sedement and nutrients
      - less surface area with depth
      - Dominant autotroph
        
        phytoplankton, cyanobacteria and rooted plants at top
    - - zooplankton
      - fish
      - invertabrates
  - - - low in dissolved oxygen
      - can filter D.O and pollution
    - - basin-shallow
      - riverine- shallow bank
      - fringe- cost of lake and sea
    - - cattail and floating lillies
    - - crustacians, muskrats
  - - - salty
      - large organic materials
      - has oxygen
      - head of stream has more O2 than mouth
    - - channels - narrow
      - streams start at headwaters
      - with increases down stream
      - more sediment at mouth of stream
    - - phytoplankton
      - root plants
    - - fish and invertabrates
      - catfish and carp, at mouth
      - trout and autotrophs found at source
  - - - salinity varies
      - mix in salt concetrations
      - location causes rise and fall of nutrients
    - - channels, islands, leeves, and mudflats
    - - marsh grasses,
      - microflora: algae
      - seaweed
    - - worms, oysters, crabs, waterfowl
  - - - high oxygen, and nutrients
        
        renewal with tides
    - - sandy rocky
    - - algae
    - - mollusks
      - sponges
      - starfish
      - crustaceans
  - - - mixed by wind, drives ocean current
      - open ocean (top)
    - - high in ocygen
      - low in nutrient
      - turnovers renew nutrients
    - - 70 % of earth
      - depth of 4000 m
    - - plankton, seaweed
    - - fish and mammals
  - - - calcium carbonate skeleton of coral
    - - high in oxygen
      - poor in nutrients
    - - Barriers, fringing islands, and atolls
    - - algae in coral
    - - corals
      - fish
      - sea urchins
      - octupus
      - starfish
  - - - no sun light, high pressure
    - - sufficient O2 and nutrients
    - - soft sediment
      - rocky
      - new crust
    - - seaweed, algae
    - - tubeworms
      - anemones
      - sponges
      - fish
- - - - sea stars in tidal pools
    - - even spacing, penguins and birds
    - - dandelions and plants
      - Humans
  - - - humans, whales, bears
    - - squirrels crabs and birds
    - - fishes and oysters
  - - - rate of growth increases with population increase
      - only with unlimited resources
      - has a peak
      - example: Daphnia, overshoots carrying capacity
    - - population expansion decreases as resources become scarce, leveling off when the carrying capacity of the environment is reached
      - no peak
      - Example:paramecium in small culture has less growth as carrying capacity is closer
  - - - increase in pop. intensifies comp for food/ resources
    - - transmition rates increase with bigger pop,
    - - populations that serve as prey = more predators
    - - aggresive interaction and hormone change
    - - no space, compete for space
  - - - in 1900 creation of antibiotics decreased death rates
      - skyrocketed after industrial revolution
    - - definition
        
        amount of land needed to support life standards
      - E.F of a person in developed country + 10 Hectacres per person
      - if all land on earth was divided up btw entire pop.
        
        1.7 HA per person
      - not everyone can live at same standard of life
    - - china. India, U.S
- - - - wind
        
        air pressure; when air moves up and releases moisture it is at low pressure
        
        when air moves down it has a high pressure and absorbs moisture.
        
        trade winds- wind blows west because earth turn east.
        
        westerlies- wind goes east, comes from west
        
        doldrums- no wind by equator
  - - - is the long term prevailing weather condition in given area
    - - state of atmosphere at place + time
    - - Temperature
      - Precipitation
      - sunlight
      - wind
    - - bodies of water
        
        can heat and cool air mass
      - seasonality
        
        earth tilt on axis
      - mountains
        
        manipulate air flow
        
        Rainshadow effect
        
        air moves up a mountain and releases water
        
        opposite side gets no moisture
      - vegetation
- - - - only one organism can occupy a niche
    - - dif in niches that allow similar species to coexist
    - - any niche animal could possibly have
    - - niche animal occupies
- - - - location: by equator
        
        60 degrees latitude, air pressure goes up releasing water
      - Percipitation: wet
      - hot
      - broadleaf evergreens
        
        competition for sunlight
        
        layers of canopy and sub canopy
      - diverse animals
    - - interior of continents way from ocean
      - 30 degrees latitude
      - Precipitation:< 30 cm per yr
      - Dominant plants: cactus
        
        Vegetation has deep roots and must adapt to dry
      - Animals: ectotherms. Snakes, rodents, bugs, scoprions
    - - location: sub equatorial
      - seasonal rainfall
        
        dry season can last 9 month
        
        30-50 cm per yr
      - warm yr round
      - vegetation; small thorny leaves and grass
      - Dominant animal: zebra and wildabeast
    - - costal midlatitude
      - seasonal, rainy winters and dry summer
      - cool spring, fall, winter
        
        hot summers
      - Dominant vegetation: shrubs and small trees
      - dominant animals: goat and deer
    - - Location
        
        south of S.A/ Africa
        
        steppes of Russia
        
        plains and prairies of N.A
      - dry winters and wet summers, periodic drought is common
      - hot summers, and very cold winters
      - D. Plants; grass and forbs
      - Dominant Animals: Bison and large horses
    - - Location
        
        Northern N.A
        
        Eurasia
        
        EDGE OF ARTIC TUNDRA
      - Largest terrestrial biome on earth
      - has percipitation and periodic droughts
      - cold winters and hot summers
      - cone bearing trees
        
        pines, spruce, hemlock and fir
    - - location
        
        midlatitude northern hemisphere
        
        chile, S.Africa, Australia, and N.Zeland
      - precipitation
        
        can average from 70- 200 cm
        
        can rain in all seasons
      - seasonal temperatures
        
        summers are humid
        
        winters can be at 0 celcius
      - vertical layered in plant life
        
        canopy, understory trees and shrubs
      - animals
        
        Mammals, birds and insects
    - - Location: Artic
      - precipitation
        
        average from 20-60 cm anually
      - temp
        
        can be below -30
        
        summer averages less than 10 celcius
      - Plants
        
        mixture of moss, grass, and forbs, lichen and shrubs
        
        permafrost restricts the growth of plant roots
      - Animals
        
        large grazing musk
        
        oxen
        
        caribou and reindeer are migratory