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BIOA11 (Nervous System (The Brain (decisions are made here, bodily…

- - - - STRs (short tandem repeats)
        
        PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
        
        Test tube, heat, machine
        
        Step 1: components are put in a test tube and put in a thermal cylinder
        
        Step 2: DNA is heated and strands separate into single strands. Then the primer binds with the complementary sequences.
        
        Step 3: TAQ polymerase used the free nucleotides to start DNA synthesis (primer is used as a start)
        
        Step 4: The two stranded DNA molecules are produced from one original DNA molecule
        
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    - - multiple allelism
      - only used to eliminate, not confirm relationships
        
        RH factor (+) or (-)
  - - - Protein Synthesis
        
        Baking a cake
        
        consult a recipe book (genome)
        
        Find the recipe (gene) to make the cake (protein)
        
        Make a copy of the recipe (mRNA)
        
        leave the original book (genome) on the shelf (nucleus) os the recipe (gene) doesn't get dirty
        
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        Gene Expression
        
        control gene expression (use of proteins called activators)
        
        differs from cell to cell
        
        Regulated through rate of transcription or translation
        
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        Cloning
        
        making many copies of the gene
        
        (Cow example)
        
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        GMOs
        
        Gene gun is used to move genes
        
        Transgenic organism
        
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        Reproductive Systems
        
        Male
        
        Anatomy
        
        Vas Defernes (tube where sperm moves out of for ejaculation)
        
        Testes (secretes sex hormones & site of sperm formation)
        
        Epididymis (sperm develops here)
        
        Penis (to deliver into the vagina)
        
        Female
        
        Anatomy
        Ovary
        Oviduct/fallopian tubes (released egg goes here) Uterus (fertilized egg implants here (or not)
        Vagina (site of semen reception)
        Cervix (blocking of vagina, dialates when baby's born)
        
        Ovulation (inside an ovary where all the eggs are) once a month, 1 egg is chosen to develop into a follicle. Egg is released. Remainder of follicle is called the corpus lutem (gives chemical support to egg. [progesterone and estrogen]
        
        Menstrual Cycle (FSH & CH released from petuitary gland) blastula & gastula = baby
      - First step in P.S.
      - copying process
      - occurs in the nucleus
      - Some DNA is unzipped so that mRNA can be made
        (mRNA is made from a DNA template)
      - Nucleotides of RNA match w/ one strand of DNA and make mRNA
      - RNA polymerase unzips the DNA & puts RNA nucleotides into the right place (C&G, T&A, A&U) Uracil bonds with A in RNA
      - After mRNA is formed, it moves out of the nucleus & goes into the cytoplasm to find a ribosome
      - Ribosomes are protein making machines (they read mRNA codes and add the right amino acid using tRNA) to build a protein
      - tRNA has an anticodon on one end (which matches with mRNA) and an amino acid on the other end
    - - changes to DNA sequence (during translation
      - may result in a nonfunctional protein or a different one than you wanted
        
        Neutral Mutation
        
        has no effect
        
        may not be able to perform the job
      - Frame Shift Mutation
        
        can cause codons to form in different groups
    - - mRNA attaches to a ribosome & a start codon must be read (AUG)
      - tRNA brings in the 1st amino acid
      - anti codon matches up with the codon on mRNA
      - The next tRNA molecule moves in & matches with the mRNA codon
        
        Amino Acids form a peptide bond
      - The 1st tRNA can detach & mRNA moves over for the next tRNA to come in
      - The protein grows until a stop codon is reached
      - The protein is formed and ready to finish folding to become functional
- - - - Identical Twins Case [smoke & tanning]
      - Flip flop tan
    - - Normal Distribution Graph
        
        Bell Curve
        
        Mean (top) & Variability (width)
  - - - Transcription regulators
        
        proteins that choose which gene is expressed and when
  - - - human twins
        
        dizygotic
        
        monozygotic
    - - shown by gene which influences several unrelated traits
        
        Both desirable and undesirable traits
- - - - ovaries are female gonads
      - testes are male gonads
- - - - wrinkled / round