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The Troubled Mind (Panic Disorders (Panic Attack (intense fear and…
The Troubled Mind
Panic Disorders
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panic disorders
multiple panic attacks, and fear of future panic attacks
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some can recognize the stimuli that triggers attacks, others cannot
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sodium lactate can trigger panic attacks in only individuals with panic disorders, and doesn't work on normal people
the disturbances are attributed to the Orexins from the hypothalamus. which play a role in wakefulness, arousal, vigilance, and appetite.
Panic attacks dont increase cortisol, so there is more than just reacting to a stress inducing situatiions
Panic attacks are more common in children who have lost parents, and adults who have experienced loss as well.
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OCD
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the orbitofrontal cortex, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus, caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia all may appear more active in OCD individuals
OCD individuals usually have lower rates of serotonin activity, lower levels are attributed to more obsessions/ compulsions
operant learning can explain the likelihood of someone to do something again if it gives them positive emotions as a result.
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Schizophrenia
very uncommon, but very extreme symptoms
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorders in movement, psychosis
genetic vulnerability in schizophrenia, if one twin is affected the other is 50% likely to get it as well in their lifetime. Many genes involved with bipolar depression are also involved with schizophrenia
enlarged ventricles, and loss of adjacent neural tissue, and neural degeneration.
lower levels of frontal lobe activity, which may contribute to difficulties with smell and olfactory senses
loss of gray matter like a forest fire, and not gradual
stress of living in poverty can contribute to the disease, and being an immigrant with a low minority rate is also a factor, viral diseases, marijuana use, etc
Anxiety Disorders
2 major components
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physical tension because of anticipated danger, this trait separates anxiety from just fear
normal levels of anxiety usually protect us from engaging in risky activities, but excessive anxiety can cause them to withdraw from positive life experiences and relationships
nearly 30% of all Americans have one or more anxiety disorders, but not all seek help.
There are general anxiety genetic dispositions, but not for specific anxiety disorders.
families where anxiety is diagnosed, are likely to have depression also in the family because they share similar genetic basis.
Anxiety disorders differ across gender, and race
women are more likely and white americans are more likely than african americans and hispanic americans.
Can be diagnosed in early life, their temperament and reactivity can predispose them to anxiety
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Bipolar Disorder
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mania is a period of irritability, inactivity, or increased energy, etc
genetic rates are very high, and twins share a large likelihod of sharing the disorder
diet (especially in prenatal care rather than midlife) (omega-3) is a big factor in determining development, where fish isnt consumed the rates of disorder is higher
Eating Disorders
Anorexia
eating little food, or bingeing with long intervals
Bulimia
bingeing eating with vomiting, or use of laxatives
Binge-eating
consuming large amounts of food usually with a social embarrassment, etc
Abnormal Psychology
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a score of 70 or below is usually the cutoff for determining if an individual has an intellectual disorder
in western cultures hearing voices is considered abnormal, but in other cultures it shows religious giftedness
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Specific Phobias
fear of objects or situations, usually not formed for harmless objects like cups, drinks, keys, etc
can arise from classical conditioning. A stimulus (CS) can be associated with a negative experience (UCS) that results in fear (UCR), giving the CS the ability to elicit fear (CR)
Social Anxiety disorders
fear of being scrutinized and criticized by others in a public setting like public speaking, and meeting new people. Normal social interactions cause crippling anxiety for these individuals.
Spotlight effect
where especially teens, think they are being scrutinized.