consuming large amounts of food usually with a social embarrassment, etc

in western cultures hearing voices is considered abnormal, but in other cultures it shows religious giftedness

routine behavior, sensitive to changes in environment, sensitivity to stimuli,

ASD have narrowing of the minicolumns which contain more spread out cells, also abnormalities in amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellum

SSRIs Selective Serotonin Reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy triples the risk

direct causes are unknown, but theres a big genetic key that twins share if they inherit the trait.

environmental risks: lead contamination, low birth weight, prenatal exposure to tobacco, drugs, alcohol, etc.

Frontal lobes may be underactive in ADHD cases, leading to hyperactivity and impusivity

many cases are treated with dopamine inducers to promote activity

Sugar is a common cause myth, sand doesnt really contribute to the development of ADHD

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorders in movement, psychosis

genetic vulnerability in schizophrenia, if one twin is affected the other is 50% likely to get it as well in their lifetime. Many genes involved with bipolar depression are also involved with schizophrenia

enlarged ventricles, and loss of adjacent neural tissue, and neural degeneration.

lower levels of frontal lobe activity, which may contribute to difficulties with smell and olfactory senses

stress of living in poverty can contribute to the disease, and being an immigrant with a low minority rate is also a factor, viral diseases, marijuana use, etc

features periods of mania, identical symptoms of major depressive disorder

mania is a period of irritability, inactivity, or increased energy, etc

genetic rates are very high, and twins share a large likelihod of sharing the disorder

diet (especially in prenatal care rather than midlife) (omega-3) is a big factor in determining development, where fish isnt consumed the rates of disorder is higher

feelings of sad and emptiness, period of more than 2 weeks,

one of them must be depressed mood, and decreased pleasure

physical are disturbances in autonomic functions like appetite, sleep etc

operant behavior, where you say the amount of studying I do doesnt affect my grade a lot

decreased left frontal lobe activity and increased right frontal lobe activity, spend too much time in REM sleep

the combination of a biological predisposition and experience of stress form a psychological disorders.

physical tension because of anticipated danger, this trait separates anxiety from just fear

normal levels of anxiety usually protect us from engaging in risky activities, but excessive anxiety can cause them to withdraw from positive life experiences and relationships

nearly 30% of all Americans have one or more anxiety disorders, but not all seek help.

families where anxiety is diagnosed, are likely to have depression also in the family because they share similar genetic basis.

women are more likely and white americans are more likely than african americans and hispanic americans.

Can be diagnosed in early life, their temperament and reactivity can predispose them to anxiety

can arise from classical conditioning. A stimulus (CS) can be associated with a negative experience (UCS) that results in fear (UCR), giving the CS the ability to elicit fear (CR)

it is unusual for a normal person to experience 1-2 panic attacks in their lifetime

more than half of people diagnosed with panic disorder also have another form of anxiety or depressive disorders

attacks begin to occur in adolescents and young adulthood

arousal of the sympathetic nervous system leads to pounding heart, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness, etc.

the disturbances are attributed to the Orexins from the hypothalamus. which play a role in wakefulness, arousal, vigilance, and appetite.

Panic attacks dont increase cortisol, so there is more than just reacting to a stress inducing situatiions

Panic attacks are more common in children who have lost parents, and adults who have experienced loss as well.

biological predispositions can also be attributed to panic attacks

many panic disorder individuals fear the public embarrassment that comes from panic attacks

experiencing excessive anxiety or worry for over 6 months that is not correlated with a particular stress

associated with physical complaints, headaches, stomachaches, and muscle tensions.

higher rates of disruptions in social connectivity like divorce, death of spouse, loss of job, etc all increase GAD rates

distressing, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and the need to engage in repetitive, ritualistic behaviors (compulsions)

like head traumas, brain inflammation, seizure disorders, streptococcal infections, babies with birth defects

the orbitofrontal cortex, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus, caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia all may appear more active in OCD individuals

OCD individuals usually have lower rates of serotonin activity, lower levels are attributed to more obsessions/ compulsions

operant learning can explain the likelihood of someone to do something again if it gives them positive emotions as a result.

The DSM-5 considers more than 1 hour of compulsive behavior to be abnormal