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Biology (hygiene (keeping things clean by removing or killing pathogens.),…
Biology
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physical barrier
a barrier that makes it difficult for pathogens to get into the body, such as skin, mucus and cilia in animals and cuticle and cell walls in plants.
vector
something that transfers things one from place to another eg an organism that carries a pathogen from one infected person to another, such as the mosquito that carries the malaria protist.
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hydrochloric acid
the acid found in the stomach that acts as a chemical defence, so protect from infection.
chemical defence
the use of chemical compounds by organisms to defend against attacks, such as lysozyme and HCl in humans, and poisons and insect repellents in plants.
lysozyme
an enzyme produced in tears, saliva and mucus that damages pathogens.
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antigens
a protein on the surface of a cell, allowing recognition by white blood cells.
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antibodies
a protein produced by lymphocytes; it attached to a specific antigen on a microorganism and helps to destroy or neutralise it.
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secondary response
the way in which the immune system responds on the second occasion that a particular pathogen enters the body.
immune
when a person does not fall ill after infection because their immune system attacks and destroys the pathogen quickly.
vaccine
a substance containing dead or weakened pathogens (or parts of them), introduced into the body to make a person immune to that pathogen.
Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR)
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herd immunity
when the majority of people in a group are immunised, which provides protection to the few who are not immunised, by reducing their chances of meeting an infected person.
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