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Chapter 8 (Molecule- neutral group of atoms joined together by covalent…
Chapter 8
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Molecular compounds tend to have relatively lower melting point and boiling points than ionic compounds.
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In covalent bonding, electron sharing usually occurs so that atoms attain the electron configurations of noble gases.
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An electron dot structure such has H:H represents the shared pair of electron of the covalent bond by two dots
Structural Formula- represents the covalent bonds by dashes and shows the arrangement of covalently bonded atoms.
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Atoms form double or triple covalent bonds if they can attain a noble gas structure by sharing two pairs or three pairs of electrons
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Polyatomic Ion- a tightly bound group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge and behaves as a unit.
The octet rule cannot be satisfied in molecules whose total number of valence electrons is an odd number. There are also molecules in which an atom an atom has fewer, or more, than a complete octet of valence electrons.
Atomic orbital belongs to a particular atom, a molecule orbital belongs to a molecule as a whole
Sigma Bond- two atomic orbitals combine to form a molecular orbital that is symmetrical around the axis connecting two atomic nuclei
Tetrahedral Angle- molecular geometry, a central atom is located at the center with four substituents that are located at the corners.
VSEPR Theory- model used to predict the geometry of molecules based on minimizing the electrostatic repulsion of a molecule's valence electrons around a central atom.
According to VSEPR theory ,the repulsion between electron pairs causes molecular shapes to adjust so that the valence electron pairs stay as far apart as possible.
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Hybridization - several atomic orbitals mix to form the same total number of equivalent hybrid orbitals.
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The more electronegative atom attracts electrons more strongly and gains a slightly negative charge. The less electronegative atom has a slightly positive charge
Polar Molecule- a molecule in which one side of the molecule is slightly negative and the opposite side is slightly positive.
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Polar molecules are placed between oppositely charged plates, they tend to become oriented with respect to the positive and negative plates.
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Dispersion Forces- weakest of all molecular interaction, are caused by the motion of electrons.
Hydrogen Bonds- attractive forces in which a hydrogen covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom is also weakly bonded to an unshared electron pair of another electronegative atom.
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**How is a pair of molecular orbitals formed?By the overlap of two atomic orbitals from different atoms
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What causes hydrogen bonding? bonding of a covalently bonded hydrogen atom with an unshared electron pair
What type of hybridization occurs in the orbitals of a carbon atom participating in a triple bond with another carbon atom? sp
Which of the following bond types is normally the weakest? pi bond formed by the overlap of two p orbitals
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Which of the following is the name given to the pairs of valence electrons that do not participate in bonding in diatomic oxygen molecules? unshared pair
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What is shown by the structural formula of a molecule or polyatomic ion? the arrangement of bonded atoms
Which is a typical characteristic of an ionic compound? The ionic compound has a high melting point.
Which elements can form diatomic molecules joined by a single covalent bond? hydrogen and the halogens only
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Molecular orbital theory is based upon which of the following models of the atom? quantum mechanical model
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What are characteristics of molecular compounds that ionic compounds don't share?
- Have a lower melting and boiling point than ionic compounds.
- Are gases or liquids at room temperature.
- Are composed of two or more nonmetals.
What is the result of electron sharing in covalent bonds?
- In covalent bonds, electron sharing usually occurs so that atoms attain the electron configuration of noble gases. (8)
- Atoms form double or triple covalent bonds if they can attain a noble gas structure by sharing two pairs or three pairs of electrons.