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Behavior, environment, and population (Types of animal behavior (Innate…

- - - - ancient babies that didn't have ability fell from mom and died
    - - also keels over and oozes
        
        can be seen as soon as they hatch
  - - - didn't need to evolve to discriminate between eggs
    - - possibly developed to attack prey, other males, or predators?
  - - - if you're around during that critical time, you're a mom now
    - - they go to ocean and come back to same place, but they have to imprint at a certain life stage
  - - - ring the bell and give dog food
        
        eventually ringing the bell causes dogs to salivate
  - - - teach mice to press a lever to dispense food if the green light turns on
    - - teach crows that putting quarter in slot brings food
  - - - if they see anything that could be a threat, they scream
        
        they scream if people are around, but stop screaming if people just pass by
        
        they get used to it
    - - they eat shrimp if you put it on them
        
        same thing with plastic
        
        eventually they stop eating plastic
  - - - they were taught to solve puzzles for food
        
        puzzles they solved were parts of a bigger puzzle
        
        they put 2 and 2 together and solved the big puzzle
    - - give them time to solve a puzzle and they could
- - - - Long days, shorter nights
    - - Longer nights, shorter days
    - - Have 12 hour days and 12 hour nights
      - September 22, 2018 and March 20, 2018
  - - - Low pressure area when air rises because pressure moves from high to low
      - When air rises, it releases its moisture and cools down as it keeps rising
      - Most rainforests are at the tropics because of air rising and releasing moisture
    - - High pressure area when air sinks
      - When air sinks, it absorbs moisture and warms up as it keeps rising
      - Most deserts are where the air sinks because the air absorbs the moisture from the ground before it rises
  - - - can circulate hot and cold water
      - circulation of water causes different temperatures at different coastlines
    - - rainshadow effect
- - - - Tropical rain forests- relatively constant, about 200-400cm anually
      - tropical dry forests- highly seasonal about 150-200 cm annually, with a six to seven month dry season
    - - Rain forests
        
        trees that grow above a closed canopy, the canopy trees, one or two layers of subcanompy trees, and layers of shrubs and herbs
        
        Broadleaf evergreen trees. Epiphytes like bromeliads and orchids cover trees
      - Dry Forests
        
        Fewer layers, trees drop leaves during seasons, thorny shrubs and succulent plants are common
- - - - Standing bodies of water range from few square meters to thousands of square kilometers
      - light decreases with depth
      - Oligotrophic lakes tend to have less surface area relative to depth than eutrophic lakes
      - Oligotrophic lakes may become more eutrophic over time as runoff adds sediments and nutrients
    - - Oligotrophic lakes tend to be nutrient poor and oxygen rich
      - Eutrophic lakes are nutrient rich and depleted of oxygen
  - - - habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time and that supports plants adapted to water- saturated soil
      - some wetlands are inundated at all times, whereas others flood infrequently
      - Basin wetlands- develop ion shallow basins, ranging from upland depressions to filled-in lakes and ponds
      - Riverine wetlands- develop along shallow and periodically flooded banks of rivers and streams
      - Fringe wetlands- occur along coasts of large lakes and seas, where water flows back and forth due to rising lake levels or tidal action
    - - Because of high organic production, both the water and soils are periodically low in dissolved oxygen.
      - Wetlands have a high capacity to filter dissolved nutrients and chemical pollutants
  - - - speed and volume of flow
      - headwater streams are cold, clear, swift, and turbulent
      - downstream, tributaries join to form river that has warmer water
      - headwater stream channels are narrow, have a rocky bottom, and alternate between shallow sections and deeper pools
      - downstream stretches of river are generally wide and meandering
    - - Salt and nutrient content increases from headwaters to the mouth
      - headwaters are rich in O2
      - Downstream water contain substantial O2, except where there has been organic enrichment
      - Large fraction of organic matter in river consists of dissolved or fragmented material that is carried by current from forested streams
  - - - transition area between river and sea
      - seawater flows up estuary channel during rising tide and flows back down during falling tide
      - higher-density seawater occupies bottom of the channel and mixes little with lower-density river water at surface
      - estuarine flow patterns combined with sediments carried by river and tidal waves create complex network of tidal channels, islands, natural levees, and mudflats
    - - salinity varies spatially
      - salinity varies with rise and fall of tides
      - nutrients from river make estuaries productive
  - - - periodically submerged and exposed by tides
      - upper zones experience longer exposures to air and greater variations in temperature and salinity
      - changes in physical conditions from upper to lower zones limit distribution for organisms
      - configuration of bays or coastlines influences the magnitude of tides
    - - O2 and nutrient levels are generally high and are renewed with each return of the tides
  - - - vast ream of open blue water
      - constantly mixed by wind driven oceanic currents
      - because of higher water quality, photic zone extends to greater depths
      - biome covers 70% of Earth and avg depth of 4000m. Deepest point is more than 10km beneath surface
    - - O2 levels are generally high
      - nutrient concentrations are lower than coastal waters
      - tropical areas have lower nutrient concentrations than temperate oceans
      - turnover between fall and spring renews nutrients between photic zones of temperature and high-latitude ocean areas
  - - - formed largely from calcium carbonate skeletons of corals
      - shallow reef-building corals live in photic zone of relatively stable tropical marine environments with high water clarity
      - sensitive to temperatures below about 18-20C and above 30C
      - deep-sea coral reefs found between 200 and 1500m deep
      - require substrate for attachment
      - typical coral reef begins as a fringing reef on young, high island
      - forms offshore barrier reef later in history of the island and becomes coral atoll as older island submerges
    - - Corals require high O2 levels
      - excluded by high inputs of fresh water and nutrients
  - - - consists of seafloor below surface waters of coastal, or neritic zone and offshore pelagic zone
      - water temp declines with depth
      - organisms in deep benthic zone are adapted to continuous cold and very high water pressure
      - soft sediments cover most of the benthic zone
      - areas of rocky substrate on reefs, submarine mountains, and new oceanic crust
    - - except in areas of organic enrichment, O2 is present at sufficient concentrations to support diverse life
- - - - individuals are aggregated into patches
      - Plants and other fungi are clumped where its favorable to germinate and grow
      - insects and salamanders clumped under same log because of higher humidity
      - sea stars group together where food is available and they can breed
      - increased effectiveness of predation or defense
    - - evenly spaced pattern of dispersion that may form from direct interactions between individuals in the population
      - some plants secrete chemicals that inhibit the germination and growth of nearby individuals that could compete for resources
      - result of antagonistic social interactions like territoriality
      - nesting king penguins exhibit aggressive interactions between neighbors
    - - the position of each individual in a population is independent of other individuals
      - pattern occurs in absence of strong attractions or repulsions
      - plants established by windblown seeds like dandelions will be randomly distributed
- - - - for centuries, human population was relatively constant until 1900s then rate of growth increased a lot
- - - - as more animals live in one area, the less food each animal gets
      - as more people move into an area, the more expensive housing gets
      - as population density increases, availability of resources decreases
    - - as population density increases, the faster a disease will spread
      - big issue because the disease can become resistant as it passes from person to person
      - if there's a lot of people in one area and a zombie outbreak happens, they're screwed
      - people in rural areas are less likely to spread or catch disease vs people in urban settings
    - - humans don't really have to worry about this because no animal hunts humans for food (except other humans)
      - as population density increases, risk of predation increases
      - if species starts to thrive in one area, they become an available food source for other species
      - predator species will grow due to increasing food supply (prey)
    - - can limit population density when space becomes the resource for competition
      - "get the hell off my lawn you stupid kids"
      - animals will kill each other off if they cross into each other's territory
      - not crossing these borders helps keep population density down
    - - aggressive interactions between individuals could keep reproduction rates low
      - putting people in a room for a while makes them easily agitated toward one another
      - basically any reality TV show where people are dealing with each other
    - - pollution
      - kills off species and keeps population density at bay
- - - - China
      - India
      - United States
    - - Oman
      - Bahrain
      - Niger
  - - - curb the population
      - lower our standard of living and distribute the wealth
      - find alternative resources