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Levels of Selection (Speciation Adaptions (Motility, Large population…
Levels of Selection
Speciation Adaptions
Motility
Large population sizes
Evolvable mating choice mechanisms
Complicated mating organs
Parthogenesis
Short generation times
High mutations
Generalists
Host to reproductive endosymbionts
Dependence on other organisms for mating
Gene Level Selection
Altruism genes
Kin selection
Selfish genes
Plasmids
Endogenous viruses
Transposable elements
Retrotransposons
45% of the human genome
Reactivated by cancer
More common in plants
90% of wheat genome
Some become "domesticated"
Segregation distortion
Meiotic drive
allele manipulates meiotic process to favor its own transmission
T-allele in mice
HEGs in yeast
Major Transitions in Evolution
Misaligned fitness
lower (smaller) level has advantage
Requires
step up in selection level
suppression of lower level
Complex multicellularity has evolved 7x
cancer is a problem for all multicellularity
Cell Level Selection
Cancer
Pathogens evolve much faster than host
Adaptive Immunity
Group Level Selection
Cooperation
Kin selection
Problem of cheaters
Aktip's Walk-Away Model
Superorganisms
Eusocial animals (ants, bees, wasps, termites)
Anarchic Syndrome
Organelle Level Selection
Mitochondria
Natural Selection
Variation? Yes
Differential Reproduction? No
Heritable? Yes
Have their own cell cycle
Controlled by nuclear genes
Effective cheater prevention
Too many triggers their digestion or cell division
Too few causes cell death
Mitochondrial diseases
Increase in Ca in bronchial smooth leads to overproduction of mitochondria
Excess cell division
Asthma
Some mitochondrial variants produce sterility in plants