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topic 2-bonding, structure and properties of matter (changing state (when…
topic 2-bonding, structure and properties of matter
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ionic bonding
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when a metal and no metal react, the metal loses and electron to form a positive ion and the non metal gains electron to form negative ion. These opposite charged ions are strongly attracted to each other by electrostatic forces
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ionic compounds
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ions form a closely packed regular lattice arrangement with very strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions in all directions of the lattice
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covalent bonding
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positively charged nuclei of bonded atoms are attracted to the shared pair of electrons by electrostatic forces- making them very strong
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allotropes of carbon
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graphite
each carbon atom forms 3 covalent bonds, creating sheets of carbon atoms arranged in hexagons
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only 3 out of 4 of each of carbons outer electrons are used in bonds so there is one delocalized electron per carbon- can conduct electricty
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states of matter
solids
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particles vibrate in positions. hotter solid becomes the faster the particles vibrate causing a slight expansion
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changing state
- when solid is heated it gains energy
- particles vibrate more which weakens forces holding it together
- at melting point particles have enough enough energy to break free from their positions becoming a liquid
- when liquid is heated it gains more energy
- this makes particles move faster which weakens and breaks bonds holding liquid together
- at boiling point particles break their bonds and become a gas
- as gas cools particles no longer have enough energy to overcome forces of attraction between them
- bonds form between particles
- at boiling point so many bonds have formed that gas condenses and becomes liquid
- when liquid cools particles have less energy so move less
- there's not enough energy to overcome forces of attraction so more bonds form
- at melting point so many bonds have formed that the particles are held in place- liquid becomes solid (freezing)
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uses of nanoparticles
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silver nanoparticles have antibacterial properties (for deodorants, surgical masks, wound dressings
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