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The Basic Structure of Academic Papers (7. CONCLUSION / FINAL…
The Basic Structure of Academic Papers
1. TITLE
B. Subtitle
A. Title
2. ABSTRACT
The key-words:
The absctract's body:
E. The results and data
D. The methods
B. The hypotheses,
F. The conclusion
A. The subject
C. The aim of the study,
Use two sentences at maximum for eachpoint
3. THE INTRODUCTION
3.3. Provide the justification for your work
3.3.2. Paragraphs 4,5, and 6: "So what?" and "Who cares?"
3.3. Paragraph 4: A. The real-world applications and the consequences of yours claims
Present
the first
application or implication in the real world
A.
B.
C. Explain/ metacommentary of what the application mean:
Elaborate "2" or present
the second
application or implication in the real world
A.
B.
C. Explain/ metacommentary of what the application mean:
Conclusion
1. TS:
3.3. Paragraph 5: Link your argument to some larger matter that readers already deem important.
How your work or research would affect the reader or other scientists
A. Mention the person or group you are directing to.
B.
C. Explain what the data mean:
Elaborate "2": give examples or show facts that compromise a big part of the population.
A.
B.
C. Explain what the data mean:
Conclusion
1. TS:
3.3. Paragraph 6:
C.
Identify gaps
— areas that have not been explored in previous researches (in your field of study)
Present the
first gap
A. Express data (statistics) of the number of people that talked about the same subject of your work
B.
C. Explain what the data mean:
Elaborate "2", approach a similar idea of another person or establish a contrast between what others say and what you say
A.
B.
C. Explain what the data mean:
C.
D.
Conclusion
1. TS:
Use more paragraphs like this, if necessary.
3.3.1. Paragraph 3: Present the data
Present statistics/facts according to the
source 1
A.
B.
C. Explain what the data mean:
Present statistics/facts according to the
source 2
A.
B.
C. Explain what the data mean:
Conclusion
1. TS:
3.1. Paragraph 1: Presenting the subject
Major ideas (what you are going to talk about in the whole paper in other paragraphs or sections):
2. For the literature review (development):
B. Recent researches in the field
A. The prevailing theories
C. Defining concepts
3. Results
1.For the introduction section
B. The justification of your work:
A. The presentation of the theoretical context:
C. Your specific contributions to the development of the field of study
(
identify gaps
that you can help to fill)
D. The aims of your work.
General objectives
Specific objectives
4. Discussion:
5. The final considerations:
A. An overview of the research
B. Specific and important aspects of the research
Thesis statement:
Main Idea:
Hook:
Background information (contextualize your subject):
3.4. Paragraph 7: The aims of your work.
Express the:
Non-dependent variables
Dependent variables
The specific aim
A.
B.
C. Explain what the specifics aims mean all together:
Conclusion
1. TS: The general aim
3.2. Paragraph 2: The presentation of the theoretical context
Express the context in which the work arouse
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
3. Express the purpose of the report and possible outcomes.
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
1. TS:
This report was produced because
...
4. METHODS
4.2. Paragraph 8: The description of the subject/ participant
2
The characteristics of the subject
For animals (pigeons, mice and monkeys)
C. Weight
D. Breed and origins
E. Does the subject have a previous experience with the task in the experiment?
If so, what is it?
A. Number of subjects
F. Deprivations period before the experiment
B. Age and sex
For people
C. Scholarity
D. Socioeconomic level
B. Age and gender
A. Number of partipants
E. Does the subject have a previous experience with the task in the experiment?
If so, what is it?
F. Explain what the characteristics mean:
Conclusion
1. TS: what the subject is (animal or human)
In each step indicate the purpose of the methods that you used;
Explain it to your readers.
4.3. Paragraph 9: The material/ equipment that you used and the characteristics of the context / environment
3. The environment:
Colors:
Measures:
Arquitecture:
2. The resources:
C. Materials:
D. Colors:
A. Measures:
B. Equipment:
Conclusion
1. TS:
4.1. Paragraph 8: Presenting the methods
Major ideas of the section:
2.The enviroment/context, material and equipment
Procedures
The subject/ participant
Thesis statement (the main research technique):
Background information (contextualize the section):
VERY SHORT
Hook:
Main Idea:
The nature of the research:
The other research techniques:
The technique to analyze the data:
4.4. Paragraph 10 and on...: Procedures
2. Activity 1
C. The criteria to finish the experiment or the session:
B. How many times did you repeat it?
D. Explain what the activity means:
A. Description
Conclusion
1. TS:
3. Activity 2
C. The criteria to finish the experiment or the session:
B. How many times did you repeat it?
D. Explain what the activity means:
A. Description
4. Activity 3
C. The criteria to finish the experiment or the session:
B. How many times did you repeat it?
D. Explain what the activity means:
A. Description
4.5. The concluding paragraph
1.Hook (short)
(? Let's try it)
3. Paraphrase of the paragraph 1: the section presentation
A. Paraphrase of the section's TS:
2.Topic sentence
A. The main concluding sentence
4. Paraphrase of the paragraph 2: the description of the subject
A. Paraphrase of the section's topic sentence:
7. Conclusion
A. Conclusion of all the methods in one sentence:
6. Paraphrase of the paragraph 4: the procedures
A. Summary of all the procedures in one sentence:
5. Paraphrase of the paragraph 3: the material and the description of the context
A. Paraphrase of the section's topic sentence:
5. THE RESULTS
5.2. The description of it means
Paragraph I: The set of results 1
Present the first set of data
A.
B.
C. Explain what the data mean:
Conclusion
Mention a table or graph.
Present more related data
A.
B.
C. Explain what the data mean:
Explain what the data mean altogether
C. Explain the statements:
C.a. In the same or another paragraph: explain more deeply the data
#
Elaboration of the paragraph I
C. Make a
very short
conclusion of the point:
B.
A.
Conclusion:
A. Sum up all the first set of results in one sentence.
Explanation of "2'"
A.
B.
C. Make a
very short
conclusion of the point:
TS:
B.
A.
1. TS:
Paragraph II: The set of results 2
Present the second set of data
A.
B.
C. Explain what the data mean:
Conclusion
Mention a table or graph.
Present more related data
A.
B.
C. Explain what the data mean:
1. TS:
Explain what the data mean altogether
B.
C. Explain the statements:
C.a. In the same or another paragraph: explain more deeply the data
Elaboration of the paragraph II
A.
B.
C. Make a
very short
conclusion of the point:
Conclusion
Explanation of "2'
A.
B.
C. Make a
very short
conclusion of the point:
TS:
A.
Paragraph III: The set of results 3
Present the first set of data
A.
B.
C. Explain what the data mean:
Conclusion
Mention a table or graph.
Present more related data
A.
B.
C. Explain what the data mean:
1. TS:
Explain what the data mean altogether
B.
C. Explain the statements:
C.a. In the same or another paragraph: explain more deeply the data
Elaboration of the paragraph III
A.
B.
C. Make a
very short
conclusion of the point:
Conclusion
Explanation of "2'
A.
B.
C. Make a
very short
conclusion of the point:
TS:
A.
5.1. Paragraph 8: Presenting the methods
Major ideas of the section:
The set of results 2
The set of results 3
The set of results 1
Thesis statement:
Hook:
SHORT
Background information (contextualize the section):
Main Idea:
5.3. The concluding paragraph
1.Hook (short)
(? Let's try it)
3. Paraphrase of the paragraph 1: the section presentation
A. Paraphrase of the section's topic sentence:
2.Topic sentence
A. The main concluding sentence
4. Paraphrase of the paragraph 2: the set of results 1
A. Summary of all the results 1 in one sentence:
7. Paraphrase of the paragraph 5: the explanation of paragraph 4
A. Paraphrase of the section's topic sentence:
10. Conclusion
A. Summary of the results altogether in one sentence:
6. Paraphrase of the paragraph 4: the set of results 2
A. Summary of all the results 2 in one sentence:
8. Paraphrase of the paragraph 6: the set of results 3
A. Summary of all the results 3 in one sentence:
9. Paraphrase of the paragraph 7: the explanation of paragraph 6
A. Paraphrase of the section's topic sentence:
5. Paraphrase of the paragraph 3: the explanation of paragraph 2
A. Paraphrase of the section's topic sentence:
6. DISCUSSION
6.2. Your hypothesis
Paragraph I:
The discussion of the main hypothesis
2.The first set of result and the main hypothesis
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
3.The second set of result and the main hypothesis
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
1. TS:
4.Elaborate or explain the two points above
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
Paragraph II:
The discussion of other hypothesis
Elaboration
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Elaboration
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
1. TS:
6.4. The literature review (the development)
Paragraph V: Naysayer?
1. TS:
2. Description of the objecting ideias
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
3. Explanation:
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
4. Conclusion
Paragraph I: The relationship between the results and the point X of the literature review
1. TS:
2. Your interpretation
A. The X's point and your results
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
3. More literature evidence (agree or disagree) or explanation:
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
Paragraph III: The relationship between the results and the point Z of the literature review
1. TS:
2. Your interpretation
A. The X's point and your results
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
3. More literature evidence (agree or disagree) or explanation:
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
Paragraph II: The relationship between the results and the point Y of the literature review
1. TS:
2. Your interpretation
A. The Y's point and your results
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
3. More literature evidence (agree or disagree) or explanation:
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
Paragraph IV: Your evaluation about the research (from someone) presented on in the Literature Review.
The methods the author used
A. Were the methods good enough?
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
The results he obtained
A. Were the data relevant?
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
1. TS:
His conclusions
A. Do the results prove the hypothesis?
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Paragraph VI: Why your analysis matters
1. TS:
2. The first implication of your discussion:
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
4. Explanation:
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
5. Conclusion
3. The second implication of your discussion:
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
6.1. Your general and specific goals of the research
Paragraph I:
The relationship between your results and the general goals
2.The first set of result and the general goal
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
The second set of result and the general goal
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
1. TS:
4.Elaborate or explain the two points above
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Paragraph II:
The relationship between your results and the SPECIFIC goals
2.The first set of result and the specifics goals
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
The second set of result and the specifics goals
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
1. TS:
4.Elaborate or explain the two points above
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
6.3.The methods
Paragraph I: General discussion of the methods
The quality of the data
A. Mention the results
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
3.
Its success to reach your goals
A. Mention the results
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
1. TS:
Paragraph II: Specific discussion of the methods
1. TS:
Conclusion
The procedure X
A. Advantages or disadvantages of the procedure.
B. Mention the results.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Elaboration
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
6.1. Paragraph 1: Presenting the discussion
Major ideas of the section:
The discussion of other hypothesis
The general discussion of the methods
The discussion of the main hypothesis
The specific discussion of the results
The relationship between the results and the point X, Y and Z of the literature review.
Your evaluation about the research (from someone) presented on in the Literature Review (in relation to your results)
Why your analysis matters
The relationship between your results and the specific goals
The relationship between the results and the general goals
10 An overview of the results and the theory
Thesis statement:
Hook:
SHORT
Background information (contextualize the section):
Main Idea:
6.5. The concluding paragraph
1.Hook (short)
(? Let's try it)
3. Paraphrase of the paragraph 1: the section presentation
A. Paraphrase of the section's topic sentence:
2.Topic sentence
A. The main concluding sentence
4. Paraphrase of the paragraph 2: the results and the general goal
A. Paraphrase of the section's topic sentence:
7. Paraphrase of the paragraph 5: the results and secondary hypothesis
A. Paraphrase of the section's topic sentence:
13. Conclusion
A. Summary of the discussion altogether in one sentence:
6. Paraphrase of the paragraph 4: the results and the main hypothesis
A. Paraphrase of the section's topic sentence:
8. Paraphrase of the paragraph 6: the general discussions of the methods
Paraphrase of the section's topic sentence (quality of the data and success of the procedures):
9. Paraphrase of the paragraph 7: the specific discussion of the results
A. Paraphrase of the section's topic sentence:
5. Paraphrase of the paragraph 3: the results and the specific goals
A. Paraphrase of the section's topic sentence:
10. Paraphrase of paragraphs 8, 9, and 10: the relationship between the results and the main point of the literature review
A. Summary the all the presented points and your results in one sentence.
11. Paraphrase of paragraph 11: the evaluation of the research you presented in the literature review
A. The convergence and divergence of the research with your results in one sentence.
12. Paraphrase of paragraph 12: the relevance of your discussion
A. Summary of the implications of the implications of your discussions in one sentence.
7. CONCLUSION / FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
Mention all the resources you used and what which provided to the research
#
Paragraph III:
What the literature review provided you
1. TS:
Elaboration
A. Mention the main points of the literature review
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Elaboration
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
Paragraph IV:
What the methods provided you
1. TS:
Elaboration
A. Mention the techniques or procedures that made a difference in your study or maintained the standards.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Elaboration
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
Tell how your research could improve and continue
Paragraph VII:
What methods you could use
1. TS:
Using method K
A. How would it benefit your work?
B.Why?
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Elaboration
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
Paragraph VIII:
What would you change in your research?
1. TS:
Change the procedure/ technique L
A. How would it affect your work?
B. Why?
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Elaboration
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
Paragraph IX:
How other researchers might continue to explore the issue?
1. TS:
What should researches explore?
A. Point 1
B. Point 2
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Elaboration: why?
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
Talk about the limitations of your research (and methods)
#
Paragraph V:
Did problems appear in the methods?
1. TS:
The point X of the methods
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Elaboration
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
Paragraph VI:
Did problems arise in the results?
1. TS:
The point W of the results
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Elaboration
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
Paragraph II:
Present a brief abstract of the results
immediate correlation
1. TS:
The data that confirms the statements in Paragraph I
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Elaboration
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
6th. Tell the contributions of your research
Paragraph X:
Express why your study was important the the scientific society.
1. TS:
Elaboration
A. Mention a group of the society (eg. lacanian psychoanalysts)
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Elaboration: why?
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
Paragraph I:
Tell what the work allowed to do or understand
The analysis of the research
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
Tell if the hypothesis that you exposed in the beginning of the text was confirmed
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
1. TS:
Tell that it helped to understand a problem or the point that you analyzed.
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Tell if your general and specific goals were accomplished
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
7.1. Presenting the discussion:
Major ideas of the section:
The limitations of your research (in the methods and in the results)
How your research could improve and continue
The resources (literature review and methods) you used and what each one provided to the research
Why your work matters
An abstract of the results
What the work allowed to do or understand
An overview of the results related to the theory
Thesis statement:
Hook:
Background information (contextualize the section):
Main Idea:
3.5. THE LITERATURE REVIEW
3.5.3. Present the Prevailing Theories (other's hypothesis)
Paragraph III: Present the prevailing ideas (views) about the subject.
The presentation of the current main perspective according to authors that converge
A. Ideas from author S
B. Ideas from author D
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
The explanation of the current main perspective according to authors that converge
A. Explanation of the ideas from author S
B. Explanation of the ideas from author D
C. Explain what your statements mean:
1. TS:
Paragraph IV: Present an opposing perspective about the subject
Presentation of the current main perspective according to authors that diverge from the ones of paragraph III
A. Ideas from author X
B. Ideas from author W
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
Explanation of the current main perspective according to authors that diverge from the ones of paragraph III
A. Explanation of the ideas from author X
B. Explanation of the ideas from author W
C. Explain what your statements mean:
1. TS:
Paragraph V: Present your view about the prevailing ideas of the subject
The presentation of your perspective about the ideas that you have already presented
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
The explanation of your perspective about the ideas that you have already presented
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
1. TS:
3.5.4. Present recent researches related to your work
Paragraph VI: Present the recent credited research about the theme and the subject.
The methods the author used
A. Procedures
B. The reason for the procedure
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
The results he obtained
A. The main results
B. Explanation of what they mean
C. Explain what your statements mean:
1. TS:
The discussion of the work
A. Was the hypothesis proved?
B. Were the results valid?
C. Explain what your statements mean:
3.5.2. The presentation, definition, and explanation of the key terms and concepts of your work. Do it through the text
Paragraph I: Provide definitions and explanations of your
key-terms and concepts
Definition of the main concept 1 according to authors that converge
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
Explanation of the main concept 1 according to authors that converge
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
1. TS:
Paragraph II: Provide
different (or opposing) perspectives from other authors
Definition of the main concept 1 according to authors A, B, and C.
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
Conclusion
Explanation of the main concept 1 according to authors A, B, and C.
A.
B.
C. Explain what your statements mean:
1. TS:
You have to bring it back in the discussion
3.5.1. Paragraph 1: Presenting the section
Major ideas of the section:
2. The presentations of prevailing theories in the field about your subject
1.The presentation of key-terms and its definitions and explanations
3. The presentation of recent researches in the field
Thesis statement:
Background information (contextualize the section):
VERY SHORT
Hook:
3.5.5. The concluding paragraph
1.Hook (short)
(? Let's try it)
3. Paraphrase of the paragraph 1: the section presentation
A. Paraphrase of the section's topic sentence:
2.Topic sentence
A. The main concluding sentence
4. Paraphrase of the paragraph 2: the main concepts and terms
A. Paraphrase of the section's topic sentence:
7. Paraphrase of the paragraph 5: a different view
A. Paraphrase of the section's topic sentence:
10. Conclusion
A. Summary of all the development in one sentence:
6. Paraphrase of the paragraph 4: the prevailing theories
A. Paraphrase of the section's topic sentence:
8. Paraphrase of the paragraph 6: your view abour the prevailing theories
A. Paraphrase of the section's topic sentence:
9. Paraphrase of the paragraph 7: a recent research in the field that agrees with your view
A. Paraphrase of the section's topic sentence:
5. Paraphrase of the paragraph 3: the different view
A. Paraphrase of the section's topic sentence: