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Geography Hazardous Earth & Development (Causes of Global inequalities…
Geography Hazardous Earth & Development
*Top Down development : a :!!: government organised regime which tries to tackle with social problem such a : Case study : Vision Mumbai - This is a program which aims to demolish slums and rebuild high proper housing infrastructure to house the residents of the slums
Disadvantage of TDD : :no_entry: Its is often very expensive as it a large scale project.They often do not take into account the needs of the people Evidence from Case study: Residents were unhappy with the housing and the slums being demolished , There increase social divide as there only 15 % of the slums will be constructed . Finally due to workers in the slum operating in the informal sector they income is scattered so they will not always be able to pay the high rent
Bottom up Development :!!: : this is when a non government organisation(local people and communities) decided on ways to improve the things in their own community Case study: LLS - this is a leprosy hospital which is a disease which can easily be treated but if its left untreated it can kill you BUD: they often aim to improve QOL for the poorest and most vulnerable
Advantages of TDD :check: : Its has large financial funding as the government is funding the program. Moreover it would act as a long term solution and would act on a much larger scale ( larger problems). Therefore they would have more advantage technology and skilled workers
Advantages of BUD :check: : They often know the wants and needs of the people They use cheap so the community isnt dependent on expensive imports. Moreover projects are labour intensifies : they create jobs for local people
Disadvantages of BUD :no_entry: Projects are often small scale so they might no benefit anyone. Also different NGO may not always work together to achieve there goals therefore the project may prove to be inefficient*
Climate Change
Greenhouse Effect :check:
The greenhouse effect is a process in which heats up the earth further than direct heating by the sun. The sun's rays enter the Earth's atmosphere, some rays are absorbed into the ground and the rest bounce back into space. Although, the atmosphere contains greenhouse gases such as:
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
Water Vapour (etc)
These gases trap heat from going into the Earth warming up the Earth even more, but this didn't have a mass effect until the industrial revolution.
Enhanced Greenhouse Effect :forbidden:
The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect is mainly a human factor affecting global warming. This is mainly due to the rise of the industrial revolution. Many factories were introduced at this time in which released it's waste products into the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide especially. This traps even more of the sun's rays in the Earth's atmosphere increasing global temperatures. Also deforestation occurs to create more available land which can be used for cattle ranches. This means there will be an increased number of cows therefore more methane will be released inte Earth, enhancing the greenhouse effect. Trees are also one main carbon dioxide storage. Deforestation releases this stored carbon and also enhances the greenhouse effect.
Measuring/Calculating Development :star: , You can measure the development of a country through HDI( these include fertility and birth rates, Death rates/ life expectancy, Infant mortality,Literacy rates and GDP GDP per capita , another way is just measuring GDP per capita.
Developing countries (LEDC :red_cross:) : HIgh birth rates and fertility rates due to lack of knowledge of contraception and need of children to work in the primary sector Therefore high infant mortality rates as well eg farms. Low life expectancy and high death rates Population pyramid wide base which rapidly narrows resembling a triangle or pyramid
Emerging countries(India): :check: :red_cross: : Fertility rates fall rapidly as women are more equal and more educated views about contraception improvements in health care so life expectancy increases More people of working ages lower proportion of children to adults. Base of the pyramid starts to narrow and the top starts to widen resembling a box shape
Developed Countries(MEDC :check:): Fertility rates are low because people are focused on their career but also due to the long life expectancy they have dependent elderly relatives. Health good, high life expectancy and low death rates. This means there are more elderly people in proportion to children- the top of the pyramid widens further and the base gets narrower so the middle bulges out. This resembles a Cup shape
Causes of Global inequalities :star:
Health :<3:Lack of clean water and poor health care mean that many people suffer from disease such as malaria and cholera. People who are ill cannot work less productive workforce, lack of economic contribution and increase spending on health care results in less economic development
Education :pencil2:: A more educated workforce means that the economy would have more skilled worker which subsequently would allow us to produce goods/services more efficiently.This brings increase trade and investment for the economy. Moreover educated people earn more so they pay more in taxes, bringing more money into the economy
Topography :!!:(shape of land) :If the land is to steep ,food cant grow on it also steep land makes it difficult to develop infrastructure
Climate : :fire: If a country has poor climate (really hot/cold/dry) not much will grow therefore the supply of food would be minimal leading to malnutrition.Moreover people have less produce to sell and leading to less developed economy
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Uneven Development : : Wealth : is not spread evenly across all countries in the world.People in the richest 20% of the worlds richest of the worlds countries(5th quintile) 70.1% of the worlds wealth(GDP per capita), whereas people in the poorest 20%(lasst 1st quintile) have just 1.0% of the worlds wealth
.
Global inequalities :lock:
Health :<3: People in developing countrie are at a higher risk for many diseases therefore reducing their life expectancies.Infant mortality is also much higher in developing countries and they would not be able to afford quality health care
Education :pencil2: : poorer countries cannot afford to invest in education whereas richer countries can. Poorer families may not be able to afford to send their children to school or maybe the children need to get a job early to support there family subsequently there lack of education means they never get a better paid job,skilled job in the future leading them into the poverty trap
Politics :fountain_pen: inequality can increase political instability,crime,corrupt government and discontent in poorer countries. This means civil wars are more likely in developing countries and Moreover, Developing countries are often dependent on richer countries.This means they have less influence over regional and global decisions
population density
densely populated where major cities have developed into conurbation e.g Liverpool
Sparsely populated in upland areas such as Scotland mostly rural
urban areas (cities) densely populated E.g London Birmingham
Hazardous Earth