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MICROBIAL GENETIC (MUTATIONS (BASE-SUBSTITUTION (DEFINITION (:!:change a…
MICROBIAL GENETIC
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MUTATIONS
BASE-SUBSTITUTION
DEFINITION
:!:change a codon to one that encodes a different amino acid and cause a small change in the protein produced
:!: exchangesone base for another
:!: e.g switching an A to a G
SILENT MUTATION
a codon that codes for the same or a different amino acid but without any functional change in the protein product
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MISSENSE MUTATION
a codon that codes for a different amino acid, and thus, causes the synthesis of a protein with an altered amino acid sequence during translation
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NONSENSE MUTATION
a nonsense codon that does not code for an amino acid and leads to a protein product that is early truncated
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FRAMESHIFT
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DELETION
a section of DNA is lost, or deleted.
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DEFINITION
genetic mutation caused by indels (insertions or deletions) of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three
MUTAGEN
-a physical or chemical agent
-changes the genetic material (DNA)
-increases the frequency of mutations ( natural background level)
DNA REPAIR ENZYME
- a collection of processes
- cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules
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VECTOR CLONING
DEFINITION
- a small piece of DNA
- taken from a virus, a plasmid, or the cell of a higher organism
- can be stably maintained in an organism
- a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for cloning purposes
TYPES
- genetically engineered plasmids and bacteriophages
- bacterial artificial chromosomes
- yeast artificial chromosomes
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