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Unit Nine (Chapter 57 (Modern America: Still and Musical Modernism in the…

- - - - black American artists banded together to identify creative outlets
        
        pay tribute to heritage
        
        recognize individual excellence regardless of race or ethicity
        
        William Grant Still (1895-1978)
        
        one of the most successful
        
        grew up in Little Rock, Arkansas
        
        parents
        
        educators
        
        encourage early music studies on violin
        
        left college to work as a pro musician
        
        Memphis
        
        New York
        
        earning a reputation for radio and musical theater
        
        while continuing his classical music studies with French-born composer Edgard Varèse
        
        deliberately moved away from the avant-garde, to find his original voice in the music of his black cultural heritage
        
        first symphoney
        
        Afro-Amerrican
        
        premiered 1931
        
        by Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra
        
        first symphony by a black man to be played by a major American orchestra
        
        brought numerous commissions from major orchestras
        
        including the New York Philharmonic
        
        1934
        
        won a Guggenheim Fellowship
        
        moved to LA
        
        where he wrote film and television scores
        
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        wrote an opera
        
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        last years
        
        recognized with many honorary degrees
        
        stayed in LA for the rest of his life
        
        favored blues over spirituals
        
        because "they, unlike spirituals, do not exhibit the influence of Caucasian music"
      - Harlem Renaissance
        
        early 1900s
        
        economics brought black Americans to Harlem
        
        lead to black cultural identity in Harlem
        
        "not merely a Negro colony of community [but] a city within a city, the greatest Negro city in the world"
        
        a contemporary poet
        
        The New Negro
        
        a book
        
        published 1925
        
        edited by philosopher Alain Locke
        
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        encouraged their fellow black artists to look to Africa for inspiration on how to shape their American future
        
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  - - - suit
        
        long been part of European dance and programmatic tradition
        
        Still was able to draw on an established genre
        
        one that reflected the modernist neo-Classical trend
        
        able to evoke images that he felt exemplified the artistic efforts of black America in a progressive way
      - based each movement on a different piece by black American artists
        
        I
        
        spirited
        
        inspired by the sculpture African Dancer
        
        by Richmond Barthé
        
        a noted Harlem Renaissance artist
        
        II
        
        evokes the expressive mood of Mother and Child
        
        Sargent Johnson
        
        one of the first Californian black artists to achieve fame
        
        movement III
        
        melody
        
        Bluesy, short, syncopated ideas with flatted third and seventh scale tones
        
        ideas exchanged between violin and piano
        
        closing
        
        rhythmically charged
        
        draws on the impish humor of Gamin
        
        by Augusta Savage
        
        the most prominent black American woman artist of her day
        
        sculpture depicts the confident image of a street-smart kid in Harlem
        
        "gamin" suggests a street urchin
        
        zips along with a flashy and syncopated violin line
        
        accompanied by an insistent bass that resembles the jazz piano style known as stride
        
        i.e. "Harlem stride piano"
        
        evolved from ragtime and features a regular four-beat pulse with left-hand chords on the second and fourth beats
        
        unfolds in sections
        
        sometimes engaging in a call-and-response exchange between piano and violin
        
        but keeps returning to the opening exuberant idea
        
        varied with ornamentation and dazzling glissando in the violin
        
        rhythm/meter
        
        quick 2/4 meter
        
        rhythmic and highly syncopated, with chords played on off beats
        
        harmony
        
        modal, with blues chords
        
        stride bass
        
        ose of ostinatos
        
        mostly homophonic
        
        form
        
        sectional form, with four- and eightmeasure ideas
        
        opening returns frequently
        
        timbre
        
        violin trills, glissandos and double stops
        
        expression
        
        playful and humorous
        
        evokes image of cocky street kid depicted by sculpture
        
        all employ modal harmonies and melodies featuring lowered thids and sevenths
        
        typical of the blues
- - - - Charles Ives (1874-1954)
        
        thoroughly steeped in the vernacular heritage of America
        
        compositional voice followed modernist tendencies
        
        making him one of the more innovative, and misunderstood, composers of the early 1900s
        
        tonal imagery
        
        drawn from music of his childhood
        
        hymns
        
        patriotic songs
        
        marches
        
        parlar ballads
        
        fiddling songs
        
        grew up in a small Connecticut town
        
        accostomed to hearing dissonance when two bands in a parade came togethor
        
        each played a different tune in a different key
        
        familiar with the effect of a quarter tone
        
        an interval half the size of a halfstep
        
        when fiddlers at country dances veered a bit off pitch
        
        as an adult
        
        remembered the sound of wheezy harmonium
        
        accompanying church hymn
        
        playe and sung out of tune
        
        a reed organ
        
        realized all these dissonant sounds were the rule rather than the exception
        
        led to
        
        polytonality
        
        polyharmony
        
        polyrhythm
        
        Danbury. Connecticut
        
        son of a U.S. Army bandleader in the Civil War
        
        thirteen
        
        job as church organist
        
        twenty
        
        entered Yale
        
        studied composition with Horatio Parker
        
        his talent was evident
        
        decided against becoming a pro
        
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    - - Aaron Copland (1900-1990)
        
        one of America;'s greatest twentieth-century compoesers
        
        few have been able to capture the spirit of the country so well
        
        ballet suits
        
        quintesssentially American in their portrayel of
        
        came to an American sound self-consciously
        
        born in Brooklyn to Jewish immigrants
        
        trained in Europe with proponents of early twentieth-century modernism
        
        returned to America during the Great Depression
        
        espoused the idea that art should "serve the American people"
        
        Paris
        
        with the famous teacher Nadia Boulanger
        
        "American modernist" style
        
        designed to have widespread appeal
        
        designed to be "useful"
        
        radio
        
        film
        
        theater
        
        rooted in
        
        Appalachian folk melodies
        
        other Anglo-American folk melodies
        
        Mexican folk melodies
        
        cited Stravinsky as a basic influence
        
        startling approach to rhythm and orchestration
        
        admired jazz
        
        1930s and 40s
        
        saw the creation of works that established Copland's popularity
        
        El Salón México
        
        1936
        
        an orchestral piece
        
        based on Mexican melodies and rhythms
        
        three ballets
        
        Billy the Kid
        
        Rodeo
        
        Appalachian Spring
        
        film scores
        
        two based on novels
        
        John Steinbeck
        
        William Wyler's The Heiress
        
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        wrote two important works during wartime
        
        A Lincoln Portrait
        
        for speaker and chorus
        
        texts drawn from Lincoln's speeches
        
        the Third Symphony
        
        investigated in the 1950s as a supporter of the Communist Party
        
        removed from Eisenhower's inaugural ceremonies due to leftist policies in 1953
  - - - written in collaboration with Martha Graham (1894-1991)
        
        celebrated choreographer
        
        Copland took Graham's unique style into account
        
        also danced the lead
      - best known of Copland's ballets
      - portrays
        
        a pioneer celebration in spring around a newly built farmhouse in the Pennsylvania hills in the early 19th century
        
        bride to be a young farmer-husband enact the emotions their new partnership invites
        
        joy
        
        apprehension
      - premiered in 1944
        
        Washington D.C.
      - given new life in Copland's popular 1945 orchestral suite
        
        7 sections
        
        opening section
        
        melody
        
        rising motive quietly unfolds, outlining a triad
        
        rhythm/meter
        
        very slow, tranquil
        
        changing meter is imperceptible
        
        harmony
        
        overlapping chords (polychordal) produces a gentle dissonance
        
        texture
        
        individual instruments are featured
        
        expression
        
        introduces the characters
        
        evokes a broad landscape at daybreak
        
        closing section
        
        melody
        
        theme with four phrases (a-a'-b-a")
        
        later variations use only parts of the tune
        
        flowing duple meter, then tune in augmentation (slower)
        
        harmony
        
        moves between various keys
        
        form
        
        theme and five variations, on a traditional Shaker song
        
        timber
        
        each variation changes tone colors
        
        indiviual instruments are featured
        
        expression
        
        calm and flowing
        
        majestic closing
- - - - rich and varied
        
        embrace the indigenous Amerindian cultures and Hispanic culture
      - Mexico's ties to Spain
        
        began in 1519
        
        Spanish soldiers colonized the territory
        
        continued until 1821
        
        Mexico achieved independence
      - goal of creating a nationally distinctive style
        
        lured musicians and artists to Amerindian and mestizo cultures
        
        Mexican revolution of 1910 changed the artistic life of the country
        
        created strong feelings of patriotism
    - - born in the mountain state of Durango
      - child prodigy on violin
      - studied composition at the Conservatorio Nacional de Música
        
        in Mexico City
        
        continued his studies in the U.S. until 1929
        
        called home by his friend Carlos Chávez
        
        to serve as assistant conductor of the Orquesta Sinfónica de México
      - beginning of the Spanish Civil War
        
        late 1930s
        
        intensely political
        
        went to Spain
        
        participated in cultural activities of the Loyalist government
      - late 1937
        
        returned home from Spain
        
        produced a series of masterworks
        
        including Sensemayá
        
        1938
        
        best known orchestral piece
        
        inspired by the verses of Afro-Cuban poet Nicolás Guillén
      - died at age 40
        
        alcohol-induced pneumonia
      - 1939
        
        wrote the film score for La noche de los mayas
        
        (The Night of the Mayas)
        
        projects a modern primitivism
  - - - (Homage to Federico García Lorca)
      - response to Federico García Lorca's execution
        
        made anti-fascist statements
        
        1936
        
        poet
        
        openly gay
        
        provoked Francisco Franco with politically controversial plays
      - blends traditions of Mexican-vernacular and European-modernist music
      - written for a chamber ensemble
        
        heavily balanced towards winds
        
        includes piano
        
        only two violins and one bass
      - first movement
        
        Baile (Dance)
        
        features bitingly dissonant tunes over frenzied ostinato
      - second movement
        
        Duelo (Sorrow)
        
        ostinato
        
        a rocking accompaniment in pianos and strings
        
        soulful melody
      - third movement
        
        Son
        
        melody
        
        three themes, syncopated
        
        colorful and folklike ideas
        
        rhythm/meter
        
        strongly rhythmic and syncopated
        
        shifting meterse
        
        percussive accents
        
        harmony
        
        dissonant, with mariachi-like idea played in thirds
        
        polyphonic and complex
        
        form
        
        sectional
        
        (A-B-A-C-A-C-B-A-C-coda)
        
        evokes a mariachi ensemble
        
        timber
        
        unusual instrumentation, focused on winds
        
        trumpets and violins in pairs
        
        piano prominent
        
        medium
        
        chamber orchestra
        
        piccolo
        
        E-flat clarinet
        
        two trumpets
        
        trombone
        
        tuba
        
        piano
        
        percussion
        
        two violins
        
        bass
        
        refers to a type of traditional Mexican song/dance
        
        based on a mixture of indigenous, African and Spanish traditions
        
        Sones
        
        the plural
        
        shifting meter
        
        moves between simple triple (3/4) and compound (6/8) meter
- - - - linked to Hinduism and its deities
    - - not entirely on fixed music
    - - rather than a key center
      - a series of pitches that also projects a particular mood and an association with a certain time of day
    - - performed by Ravi Shankar (1920-2012)
        
        plays a sitar
        
        a long-necked plucked string instrument with metal strings and gourd resonators
        
        accompanied by another performer
        
        plays a complex rhythmic cycle
        
        tala
        
        meaning clap
        
        with a small set of hand drums
        
        tabla
      - a mere twelve minutes
      - performed in the afternoon
      - projects a mood of tenderness and longing
      - raga
        
        provides the pitches for the highly ornamented melody
      - tala
        
        an addictive rhythmic cycle of fourteen
      - harmony is not really part of the music
        
        except for what's produced by the striking strings that sound the drone
      - sonata-allegro form
        
        plays out in sections
        
        but improvisation plays a key role throughout
    - - through oral tradition
- - - - Beijing (or Peking) opera
        
        the most prestigious of the many regional styles
        
        blend of music, mime and dance
        
        with stylized gestures and movements
        
        colorful costumes and masks
        
        large repertory
        
        many works based on novels about the country's political and military struggles
        
        flourished in 1900s
        
        internationally
        
        in China
        
        suppressed by the Cultural Revolution
        
        non communist operas were banned
        
        replaced by 8 approved "model plays"
        
        The Story (or Legend) of the Red Lantern
        
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        different singing and accompaniment style
        
        different aesthetics of vocal timbre and divergent conceptions of melodic and harmonic movement
        
        like western opera relies on acting, gestures and other body movements
- - - - rulers feared European dominance
        
        banned
        
        traders
        
        Christian missionaries
      - forced to open its doors by the U.S. navy
        
        western world got Japanese crazy
        
        fans
        
        bronzes
        
        woodblock art prints
        
        music
        
        Echigo Jishi
        
        i.e. The Lion of Echigo
        
        accompanies a dance from a kabuki play
        
        a type of dance-drama that is highly stylized, with elaborate costumes and makeup
        
        a traveling entertainer named Kakubei
        
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        two versionstext
        
        first
        
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        second
        
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        composed around 1811
        
        often based on a pentatonic scale
- - - - listeners were captivaed
        
        a source of compositional inspiration since
        
        Henry Eichheim (1870-1942)
        
        brought Indonesian instruments back from his travels
        
        adopted Balinese music in his work
        
        Santa Barbara based composer/ethnomusicolodist
        
        traveling Javanese ensembles traveled up the coast from LA
        
        caught the attention of experimental composers:
        
        Henry Cowell
        
        taught a class on "Music of the World's Peoples" at the New School for Social Research in New York
        
        Lou Harrison (1917-2003)
        
        wrote a number of works for Javanese style instruments
        
        John Cage
        
        a devotee of Cowell and Harrison
        
        prepared piano techniques
        
        heavily influenced by gemelan music
        
        texture
        
        timbre
    - - found on the Indonesian islands
        
        Java
        
        predominantly Muslim with Hindu and Buddhist influence
        
        Bali
        
        Sunda
      - comprised of melodic percussive instruments
        
        each serving its own function
      - music generally performed from memory
        
        passed on through oral tradition
        
        notational method has been devised only in recent years
      - often heard in ritual ceremonies
        
        including court ceremonies
        
        4 princely courts in central Java alone
      - often performed in wayand
        
        shadow puppet theater
        
        shadow puppet performance
        
        normally begins in early evening
        
        with an overture
        
        continue until dawn
        
        master puppeteer
        
        operates puppets
        
        narrates
        
        sings and songs
        
        signals the gamelan when to play
        
        soft and loud metallophones
        
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        gongs of various sizes
        
        wooden xylophones
        
        drums
    - - play
        
        plot origin
        
        Ramayana
        
        great Hindu epic
        
        story of King Rama
        
        his wife, Sinta, is kidnapped bu an evil king named Rahawana
        
        the evil King's brother is banished from the kingdom for suggesting to return Sinta to Rama
      - overture
        
        Patalon
        
        pentatonic scale
        
        C, D, E, G, A
        
        sectional
        
        drums mark transitions between sections
        
        first
        
        includes intro
        
        slow and stately
        
        melody heard in highest pitched metallophone
        
        sounds each note of the pentatonic pattern twice
        
        singer enters
        
        elaborates on melody differently
        
        both converge on accented notes
        
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        fast-paced and exciting closing section signals the entrance of the dancers and puppet characters
- - - - lack of melodic and harmonic content
      - influenced western art
        
        artist Paul Gauguin
        
        John Cage
        
        Steve Reich
        
        realized notated music from Ghana was composed of repeated patterns super imposed upon each other
    - - land locked country in East Africa
      - borders
        
        Kenya
        
        Lake Victoria
      - formally subdivided into a number of kingdoms
        
        each with its own court and ruler
        
        one of these is where the example comes from
        
        Ensiriba ya munange Katego
        
        performed by an entenga
        
        a royal drum ensemble
        
        six musicians
        
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        story
        
        a subchief named Kangawo wears a leopard-skin headband for goodluck
        
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        players of melody drums enter one after another
        
        first strike the side of their drums
        
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      - an oral tradition