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How can principles of equity be put into place? (Equity in Adaption (5 LDC…
How can principles of equity be put into place?
Equity in Mitigation
TOP DOWN
1 Equality Based approach
Kyoto Committments
sovereignty, comparability, capacity
individually negotiated emissions reduction targets
incorporates polluter pays principle, takes into account basic needs as developing countries are exempt.
most developing in favor
developing countries argue perpetuates inequality, sovereignty approach
US concerned the developing countries with lower costs may gain a competitive advantage
Contraction and convergence (Global Commissions Instittute)
egalitarianism
all countries should move over a period of time towards equal emissions per capita
favored by developing countries
OPEC against it, make costly cuts
developing against doesn't think about historic emissions not achieve comparability of effort or linking of effort benefit principle
Equal mitigation Costs (NZ)
comparability
propose that mitigation of
costs
should be equalized not emissions
address capacity issues: costs differ according to GDP
fails to address degree of
responsibility
Carbon Tax
comparability
international carbon tax on fuels
may not be feasible internationally as global rate
2 Responsibility Based Approach
Brazilian Proposal
Polluter pays
argues for reduction commitments in line with historic contributions
difficult to attribute responsibility
Pros
1 satisfies concerns about differing conditions of different countries and basic needs
Cons
1 conflict with sovereignty principle
2 doesn't satisfy benefit principle
3 comparable effort / capacity constraints disregarded
3 Capacity Based Approach
Dynamic Targets
alternative to absolute targets
based on expectation relative to GDP growth, adjust when needs
capacity
more acceptable US deems equitable
Con
uncertainty of environmental effectiveness
BOTTOM UP
1 Sustainable development focused action
including policies on energy efficiency
clean tech
focus on climate and energy sustainability
attractive to developing countries
2 Technological agreements
linked to sustainable development focused action
reduce dependency on fossil fuels
focus on climate and energy security
Equity in Adaption
1 focus on burden sharing through mitigation ignores managing consequences of climate change and inequitable burden of impacts
2
Developing countries
: argue climate associated losses should be compensated e.g. human life, culture, land
3
Developed countries
: focus more on capacity building to limit losses
4 Bonn and Marakesh accords: recognize need for funds for developing countries
5 LDC countries most vulnerable, least able to adapt.
threats of pests and disease
competition for water
agri, fishing
e.g. displacement of people,
Equity in Process
1 Resource disparity impacts equality in negotiations
2 some parties better places than others to negotiate favorable outcomes
3 wealthier countries have a whole team of representatives
4 Following Seattle:
Need for training of negotiators
need for policy makers
need for advice
need for financial support
need for investment in developing countries
LANGE 2007
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