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The Islam (Caliphate, What is it?, Islamic Religion, Expansion Islam)

- - - - travelled in carabans
    - - vision archangel Gabriel
        
        convey a divine messge
    - - travel from Mecca to Medina
      - 1st year muslim calendar
    - - suppressed polytheism
        
        but respected Kaaba
      - city became islam's centre
    - - arab tribes submitted to authority
    - - caliphs
        
        their lands:
        
        caliphate
- - - - allow tolerance for other religions
        
        paying taxis, permited Christians and Jews
    - - fought for their jihad
      - the opposite soldiers were:
        
        recuited by force
        
        mercenaries
- - - - main mosque
      - madrasah: school where Koran was studied
      - public baths
      - civil buildings: as souk or market were they bought and sold products
      - corn exchange: were they storaged and traded cereals
      - residential areas: characterised by narrow streets and irregular layout
      - exclusively areas for Christians and Jewish
      - military buildings: such as the citadel or fortified palaces, protected by soldiers
  - - - families of arab origins: descendants of the conquerors, they held the min political posts
      - important families from the occupied territoires: who converted to Islam, they held less political posts
    - - people who converted to Islam:
      - people who practised other religions: as Christians and Jews, customs and religions were
        respected. They had limited rights and paid more taxes. Common converted to Islam
      - slaves: weren't many, if they converted to Islam, they were free They forbbiden the muslim slaves
  - - - livestock farming
      - came from desert regions
        
        benefit from water
        
        spread agricultural irrigation systems:
        
        dykes
        
        small canals for distribute water
        
        waterwheels and terraces
        
        cultivation and irrigation easier in
        hilly areas
        
        wells
        
        water from sub-soil
        
        collected rainwater
      - new crops from Asia:
        
        rice, cotton, sugar cane, citrus
        fruits and vegetables
        
        arriived to Europe thanks to arabs
    - - Trade
        
        main source of wealth
        
        replacing the
        Byzantine Empire
        
        crossroads:
        
        river trade route
        
        sea trade route
        
        land trade route
      - craftwork
        
        muslim famous made products
        
        textiles, rags, jewellery, weapons and objects of glass and ivory
        
        local market:
        
        brick, ceramic, tiles and wicker objects
  - - - Koran: holy book (collection of God's revelations to Muhammad
        
        Five pillars of Islam:
        
        giving charity: to the poor
        
        fasting: during daytime in the month of Ramadan
        
        praying 5 times a day: at specific times, facing Mecca
        
        going to a pilgrimage: at least once
        
        belief in a single god: Allah and prophet Muhammad
  - - - charge of handing justice
    - - collected taxes
    - - governors of the territoires
    - - advisors of the caliph
        
        took charge in goverment and important matters
    - - highest religious and political power