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Bronchodilators (Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists (LTRAs) (montelukast…
Bronchodilators
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anticholinergics
Mechanism of action:
Acetylcholine (ACh) causes bronchial constriction and narrowing of the airways
Anticholinergics bind to the ACh receptors, preventing ACh from binding
Prevention of bronchoconstriction
Adverse Effects:
Dry mouth or throat
Nasal congestion
Heart palpitations
Gastrointestinal distress
Headache
Coughing
Anxiety
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xanthine derivatives
mechanism of action:
smooth muscle relaxation, bronchodilation, and increased airflow
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Indications: Dilation of airways in acute asthmas, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema
**more often used for prevention of asthmatic symptoms
Management of COPD
Also cause CNS stimulation and Cardiovascular stimulation Smoking cigarettes causes enhanced metabolism
Adverse Effects:
Nausea, vomiting, anorexia
Gastroesophageal reflux during sleep
Sinus tachycardia, extrasystole, palpitations, ventricular dysrhythmias
Transient increased urination
Hyperglycemia
beta-adrenergic agonists
specific receptor stimulated causing dilation of the airways
Used during acute phase of asthmatic attacks
Quickly reduce airway constriction and restore normal airflow
stimulates: sympathetic nervous system
Nonselective adrenergics:
Stimulate alpha, beta1 (cardiac), and beta2 (respiratory) receptors
Example: epinephrine
Adverse effects:
Insomnia
Restlessness
Anorexia
Vascular headache
Hyperglycemia
Tremor
Cardiac stimulation
Nonselective beta-adrenergics
Stimulate both beta1 and beta2 receptors
Example: metaproterenol (Alupent)
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Selective beta2 drugs
Stimulate only beta2 receptors
Example: albuterol (Proventil, others)
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Indications:
Relief of bronchospasm related to asthma, bronchitis, and other pulmonary diseases
Used in treatment and prevention of acute attacks
Used in hypotension and shock
Used to produce uterine relaxation to prevent premature labor
Corticosteroids
Mechanism of Actions:
Stabilize membranes of cells that release harmful bronchoconstricting substances (WBCs)
Increase responsiveness of bronchial smooth muscle to beta-adrenergic stimulation
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