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PNS drug
Autonomic drug (Sympathetic (Adrenergic): “fight or flight”…
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CNS drug
Anti-Convulsants
help prevent seizures by suppressing the spread of abnormal electric impulses from the seizure focus to other areas of the cerebral cortex
CNS depressants and may cause ataxia, drowsiness, and hepatotoxicity
- Phenobarbital (short-acting barbiturate)
- Primidone (structurally similar to phenobarbital)
- Diazepam (used IV to treat status epilepticus)
- Clorazepate (adjunct anticonvulsant)
- Potassium bromide (adjunct anticonvulsant)
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CNS stimulants:
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Doxapram:
stimulates brainstem to increase respiration
in animals with apnea or bradypnea.
Commonly used when animals have C-sections
Methylxanthines:
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caffeine, theophylline, and aminophylline
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Benzodiazepines
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X Anti-emetiv, some only short duration analgesic, x antiarrhtymic, X antihistamine effect, X peripheral vasodilation
Alpha-2 agonists
xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine
X anti-emetic, X antihistamine, X peripheral vasodilation
Analgesic
Narcotic
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opioid (natural)
- Do not produce anesthesia; patients still respond to sound and sensation
- Produce analgesia and sedation, and relieve anxiety
Side effects: respiratory depression, excitement if given too rapidly
Produce their effects by the action of opioid receptors
- Mu = found in the brain
- Kappa = found in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord
- Sigma = found in the brain
- Opium
- Morphine sulfate
- Meperidine
- Hydromorphone
- Butorphanol
- Hydrocodone
- Fentanyl
- Etorphine
- Buprenorphine
- Pentazocine
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Opioid antagonists
Block the binding of opioids to their receptors Used to treat respiratory and CNS depression of opioid use
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Anti-anxiety drugs
lessen anxiousness, but do not make animals drowsy