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Yr 11 History 2017 - Global Empires - Unit 2 Revision (Unit 2 - AOS 1 (The…

- - - - Before 19th Century, most immigrants to the new world were African slaves. This then changed .....
      - New World Slavery
        
        Why was it different to other forms of slavery throughout history?
        
        Early slavery was not based on racial distinctions - slavery to the new world was based on race. More and more people were recruiting slaves of colour.
        
        Early slavery was not regard as a 'permanent status' - slaves were able to gain status and become something other than a slave to a master.
        
        Early slaves did not hold the lowest status in society - in the New World, they were by far the lowest of the low.
        
        Early slaves were not just hired for farm labour - mostly as farmers or household servants. In the New World they were hired in order for masters to make more money from their plantations, using cheap labour.
        
        Early slaves were not treated as lower than their master, in a sense they were treated as equal. Slaves in the New World were treated without respect to their human character.
        
        How was slavery justified?
        
        Bad luck or accident - fatalistic view
        
        Prisoners of war, victims of piracy, abandoned children became slaves
        
        White people associated with purity, black people associated with negative connotations
        
        Aristotle stated that slaves lacked higher qualities and education necessary for freedom and were therefore a 'natural slave'
        
        In an early Christian view, "Curse of Ham" justified slavery, because supposedly Noah had cursed his son Ham with black skin, and therefore slavery
  - - - Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)
      - General Causes for Rebellion
      - Tacky's Rebellion
    - - Bacon's Rebellion
        
        Main goal - "change in Virginia's Indian-Frontier policy"
        
        Armed rebellion in 1676 - led by Nathaniel Bacon - fight against the rule of William Berkeley (governor)
      - General Causes for Rebellion
        
        Discontent in the colonies
        
        Unfair rules and laws imposed on colonists
  - - - Ruler and Charter
        Discovered by the Puritans as part of their quest for religious freedom. They chose John Winthrop, a wealth English lawyer, to be their leader and he negotiated a settlement between them and King James I of England.
      - Motivations:
        The main motivation for establishing Massachusetts was to gain religious freedoms. They used John Winthrop to lead them and to fight for religious freedoms.
      - Established:
        1630 (Plymouth Colony founded by Pilgrims in 1620)
      - Song: "Massachusetts" by the Bee Gees (1968)
    - - Established: 1632
      - Motivations:
        Originally a proprietary colony of Baron Baltimore (ENG) to provide a New World haven for English Catholics
      - Ruler and Charter
        Charter granted to the Baron Baltimore by King Charles I
    - - Established: 1664
      - Motivations:
        During the 17th century, the Dutch were involved in establishing many trading posts and colonies around the world including in North America. Henry Hudson had been hired by the Dutch to explore the New World in 1609 and had 'discovered' and named the Hudson River. By 1611, the Dutch had set up fur trading with the Native Americans along the Delaware River.
        However, permanent settlement as New Netherland was not made until 1624 with the arrival of the first Dutch settlers with the Dutch West India Company.
      - Ruler and Charter
        Presumably the Dutch West India Company
    - - Motivations:
        Initially a proprietary colony - it fed it's plantation economy from slavery from Africa. The Carolinas initially were not specifically separate colonies, rather they were 'branches' of other colonies, as new colonists decides to try establishing new locations. As the two locales evolved separately and as their differing geographies and inhabitants steered contrasting courses, calls for a formal split emerged. In 1712, North Carolina and South Carolina became distinct colonies.
      - Established: 1680
      - Ruler and Charter
        North Carolina was settled first and then a second (still within the areas of North Carolina). In 1670, a third colony was founded, called the Carteret County Colony, after Sir George Carteret. The colonists were accompanied by Governor Sayle, who had previously explored the coast. The ships which bore the emigrants first entered the harbor of Port Royal, near Beaufort; but, not being pleased with the place, they soon sailed into the Ashley River, and laid the foundations of Old Charleston. In 1680, this settlement was abandoned for Oyster Point, on which was commenced the present city of Charleston. This was the commencement of South Carolina.
    - - Motivations:
        This settlement had begun by planters from Virginia - as a plantation colony - proprietarily 'owned'. The Carolinas initially were not specifically separate colonies, rather they were 'branches' of other colonies, as new colonists decides to try establishing new locations. As the two locales evolved separately and as their differing geographies and inhabitants steered contrasting courses, calls for a formal split emerged. In 1712, North Carolina and South Carolina became distinct colonies.
      - Ruler and Charter
        Carolina was so called by the French, in 1563 or 1564, in honour of Charles IX, King of France (Carolus in Latin, meaning Charles), under whose patronage its coast was discovered.
        The territory thus named afterwards included the lands between the 30th and 36th degrees of north latitude, and extended from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. In 1663, this defined territory was conveyed, by Charles II, King of England, who claimed it by virtue of Cabot's discovery, to Lord Clarendon, Sir William Berkley, Sir George Carteret, and four others with ample powers to settle and govern it.
      - Established: 1640-1650
    - - Motivations:
        It was organised as a settlement for a Puritan congregation.
      - Ruler and Charter
        Governor John Haynes and Thomas Hooker are founders. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut are the orders that describe the government set up by the Connecticut river towns, setting its structure and powers. It was a Constitution for the colonial government of Hartford (capital city).
      - Established: 1636
    - - Motivations:
        Money and natural resources
        Founded by the Dutch for trade and furs and became an English colony in 1664
        Taken by English to connect their colonies
        Climate: had a mild climate which made it suited to farming and agriculture
        Had good natural resources
      - Established: 1624
      - Song: "New York" (Alicia Keyes)
      - Ruler and Charter
        1621-1664 run by the Dutch West
        Originally inhabited by the Dutch. It was
        It was originally known as New Amsterdam. In 1664, Peter Stuyvesant, the Dutch leader, surrendered to the English. The colony was then renamed New York, after the Duke of York.
        Known as one of the 'middle colonies'
        Founded by Peter Minuit
        Conquered by James – the Duke of York and Albany
    - - Ruler and Charter
        it was founded in 1607 by the London Company to find Gold
        Was founded primarily for the purpose of profit by the join-stock owned Virginia Company of London
        John Smith was founded in 1607 by John Smith and other colonists including John Rolfe backed by the London Company, at Jamestown. Named after Queen Elizabeth I of England - the Virgin Queen
      - Motivations:
        Settled by people seeking economic opportunities
      - Established: 1607
    - - Ruler and Charter
        Originally a Dutch colony eventually overtaken by and renamed by the English in the name of the Duke of York (King James II). Power over the colony was divided by the Duke between two men, Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton. The first official governor of both East and West New Jersey was Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury.
      - Motivations:
        Aside from being a gift from the future King, New Jersey was colonised to become a city of religious freedom unlike a number of colonies near by dominated by Puritans. New Jersey was also a highly prosperous region and, after its settlement, provided vast amounts of wheat to England.
      - Established:
        Original settlement occurred in c. 1620 as a Dutch colony in The New Netherlands. Taken over by the English (and renamed New Jersey) in 1664.
      - Song: "Welcome to New Jersey" (X-Cops 1995)
    - - Motivations:
        Mostly for religious and political freedom
      - Ruler and Charter
        Roger Williams founded Rhode Island
        Approved by King Charles II in 1663
      - Established:
        Founded the colony in 1636 but it was established on 29th May 1790
    - - Motivations:
        Royal Charter by King James the second. Expansion by the English empire. Penn wanted the land to be pure and good land where people could live in happiness.
      - Ruler and Charter
        It was established under William Penn who was under control of King Charles the second and England.
      - Established: March 4, 1681
    - - Motivations:
        Motivated by potential for profits from lumbering, fishing, trade, farming and ship building
      - Ruler and Charter
        Captain John Mason
      - Established: 1622
- - - - General
        
        English and French have claims over the Ohio Valley
        
        France attempts to link its Northern and Southern colonies and territories
        
        Competition through trade (France was impacted by the British Navigation Acts - laws regarding imports to the Americas)
        
        Alliances with Indian tribes
        
        150 years of French and British conflict
      - According to Benjamin (The Atlantic World - 2009)
        
        Various wars over trade and colonial possessions
        
        French and English contesting the Ohio Valley
        
        Overall war for empires and control of land
        
        Growing importance of colonies
      - According to Burbank & Cooper (Empires in World History 2010)
        
        Move from monarchy to democracy (social and political change)
        
        New ideas differed greatly from traditional ideas of government
        
        Tension between "monarchical and aristocratic privileges" and "the people's claim to rights"
    - - General
        
        Enormous territorial gains for Great Britain #
        
        Debt for both GB and France
        
        Lead to the American Revolution
        
        Treaty of Paris (1763) - marked the beginning of British dominance in North America
        
        Royal Proclamation (1763) - blocked colonists' westward expansion and reserved western land for American Indian use - not so much about giving land back to Natives but rather enabling Britain to have a monopoly on future land sale and purchase from Natives
        
        Britain has to impose taxes to pay of the debt #
        
        France had territorial and military loss #
      - According to Burbank & Cooper (Empires in World History 2010)
        
        Britain had to tighten control and extract more resources from its overseas components
        
        Lead to rising anger and mobilisation among elites in the 13 Colonies of North America #
        
        France lost colonies and gained debt from the war
      - According to Benjamin (The Atlantic World - 2009)
        
        "Great Britain was the dominant power in the Atlantic World by the end of the Seven Year's War"
        
        "devastated French trade"
        
        "value of British exports and reexports has risen thirty percent"
  - - - Executive (enforces the laws) - King
        
        Chief executive (law enforcement officer)
        
        Appointed ministers to carry out and administer laws passed by Parliament
        
        Power limited after 250 years of dispute with Parliament (could not: veto laws passed by Parliament, interfere with elections, keep an army without Parliamentary consent, deny free speech)
        
        Hereditary position, passed to a successor
      - Legislative (makes the laws) - Parliament: House of Lords and House of Commons
        
        House of Lords
        
        Chief court of the land
        
        Upper house of legislature has veto power
        
        Membership composed of peers barons, dukes, earls, and bishops of the church etc.
        
        House of Commons
        
        All adult males owning property worth more than 40 shillings a year could vote for Commons (around 1 in 20)
        
        All money bills started in Commons
        
        Had to approve of all legislature
      - Judicial (decides whether laws were broken) - Courts leading to House of Lords
    - - Executive (enforces the laws) - Governor
        
        Appointed by King (exception of Connecticut and Rhode Island where Governor was elected)
        
        Could veto law passed by Assembly and Council
        
        Chief executive (law enforcement officer)
        
        Could dissolve lower house (assembly) and call for new elections
      - Legislative (makes the laws) - Council and Assembly
        
        Council
        
        Appointed by governor or by assembly
        
        Acted as "Supreme Court" for Colonies
        
        Could decide on certain appointments made by governor
        
        Often served as "cabinet" (advisors) for governor
        
        Assembly
        
        Elected by people (50-80% of white adult males could vote)
        
        All money bills started in the Assembly
      - Judicial (decides whether laws were broken) - Courts leading to Council
  - - - First act created after the Seven Years War
      - Taxed all paper goods - required a government stamp
      - This Act angered colonists because paper was used regularly
      - Repealed in 1766
    - - New tax imposed - on all tea, glass, lead, paint and paper brought in Britain
      - Colonists were once again frustrated, as these items were used regularly
      - Repealed, except for tax on tea, in 1770
    - - Made colonists supply food and housing for British troops stationed in American Colonies
      - At any time, a British soldier could come and colonists would have to house and supply food
    - - Britain granted a monopoly to the East India Company on selling tea in the colonies
      - Only East India Company allowed to sell tea, heavily taxed
      - Rebellion against this act - the Boston Tea Party
        
        Colonists dressed up as natives and snuck aboard EIC ships and then dumped about $1 million of tea into the ocean
    - - Britain was furious at colonists for destroying the tea - passed these new acts
      - Act included - closing the port at Boston, dismissing the governments of Massachusetts, forbid public meetings, station more soldiers in the Boston area
    - - Gave Quebec a lot more land in the Ohio Valley
      - Allowed the French to continue to practice in the Roman Catholic Church
      - 2 types of laws
      - Catholics could hold public office
      - Colonists felt that the land that was theirs was being given to the French