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UNIT 4: Sensation & Perception (Module 19 (Gesalt: an organized whole,…
UNIT 4: Sensation & Perception
MODULE 16
Top Down Processing:
cognitive process that initiates with our thoughts, which flow down to lower-level functions, such as the senses
Bottom Up Processing:
the process of the senses providing information about the environment up to the brain
Selective Attention:
act of focusing on a particular object for a period of time while simultaneously ignoring irrelevant information that is also occurring
Transduction:
what takes place when many sensors in the body convert physical signals from the environment into encoded neural signals sent to the central nervous system
Threshold:
smallest level of energy required by an external stimulus to be detectable by the human senses, including vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch
Sensory Adaptation:
phenomenon that occurs when the sensory receptors become exposed to stimuli for a prolonged period
Module 17
Perceptual Set:
predisposition to perceive things in a certain way
Context Effect:
aspect of cognitive psychology that describes the influence of environmental factors on one's perception of a stimulus
ESP: ability to perceive information independently of, and beyond, the known senses
Module 18
The Stimulus Input
The Eye
Visual Processing:
person views the world, the brain will interpret what is seen
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory:
theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.
Module 19
Gesalt: an organized whole
Figure-ground: the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their suuroundings
Grouping: the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
Depth Perception: the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance
Visual Cliff: a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
Binocular Cues: depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes
Retinal disparity: a binocular cue for perceiving depth
Monocular Cues: depth cues available to either eye alone
Phi phenomenon: an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succesions
Module 20
Frequency: the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
Pitch: a tone's experienced highness or lowness
Middle ear: the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibration of the ear drums
Cochlea: a coiled, bony, fluid filled tube in the inner ear
Inner ear: the innermost part of the ear
Sensorinural hearing loss: deafness due to damage to the receptor cells
Conduction hearing loss: hearing loss due to damage to the mechanical syatem
Cochlear implant: implant that converts sound into electrical waves that the ear can pick up
Module 21
Five senses: Touch and pain, Smell, hearing, sight, Taste
Gate control theory: the theory that there is a "gate" in your spinal cord that controls pain activity
Kinesthesia: the system for sensing the position of body parts
Vestibular sense: the sense f body movement, balance and position, allows us to walk
Sensory interaction: the principle that one sense may influence another, as when smell affects taste
