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Sensation and Perception (Module 16: Basic Principles of Sensation and…
Sensation and Perception
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Module 20: Hearing
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The Ear
Middle Ear - the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window
Cochlea - a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses
Inner Ear - the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
Sensorineural Hearing Loss - hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve defness
Conduction Hearing Loss - hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
Cochlear Implant - a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
Perceiving Loudness
Place Theory - in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
Frequency Theory - in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its ptich
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Module 18: Vision
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The Eye
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Iris - a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
Lens - the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
Retina - the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
Accommodation - the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
The Retina
Rods - retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond
Cones retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations
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Blind Spot - the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there
Fovea - the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
Feature Detection
Feature Detectors - nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
Parallel Processing
Parallel Processing - the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and conscious problem solving
Color Vision
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory - the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors -- one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue -- which when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color
Opponent-Process Theory - the theory that opposing retinal processes (r-g, y-b, w-b) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green
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