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Anti-neoplastic@ anticancer drug@ chemotherapeutic agents and…
Anti-neoplastic@ anticancer drug@ chemotherapeutic agents and Immunosuppressive Drugs
Malignant cells:
rapid cell division and growth, different rates of cellular drug uptake, and increased cellular response to selected anticancer drugs
Growth fraction:
percentage of cancer cells that are actively dividing
high: cells are dividing rapidly
tumors age and enlarge: decreases
Doubling time: time required for the number of cancer cells to double
tumors age and enlarge: increases
often administered in combination therapy
Calculation of anti-neoplastic drug doses is based on body surface area in square meters
administration w great care: infuse nonmedicated IV solution before and after administration of the drug to ensure that anti-neoplastic drug residues do not remain on the equipment
Agent
Cell-cycle specific (CCS)
Alkaloids
vincristine and vinblastine
stop cancer cell division
Anti-metabolites
methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, cytarabine, and azathioprine
affect the S phase involving DNA synthesis
Cell-cycle non-specific (CCNS)
Alkylating agents
cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Neosar)
cisplatin (Platinol)
chlorambucil (Leukeran)
melphalan (Alkeran)
carboplastin (Paraplatin)
cross-link DNA to inhibits its replication
work on all phases, more effective in G1 and S phases
use in lymphoproliferatiive dz, osteosarcoma, mast cell tumor, carcinoma
Antitumor antibiotics
doxorubicin (Adriamycin)
dactinomycin /actinomycin D (Cosmegen)
mitoxantrone (Novantrone)
inhibit DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis
all stages, doxorubin more effective at S phase
use for lymphoproliferative dz, sarcomas and carcinomas
Steroid drugs
corticosteroids, estrogens, progestins, and androgens
anti-inflammatory effects, suppress bone marrow cells, reduce edema, and suppress tumor growth
all phases, more effective at S and M phases
lymphoproliferative dz, reprod cancers
Biologic response modifiers (BRMs)
enhance the body’s immune system in conjunction with anti-neoplastic protocols
Interferon
group of proteins that have antitumor and antiviral effects;
used to treat tumors and viral infections in cats
3 groups
alpha, beta, and gamma
Colony stimulating factors (CSFs)
stimulate the growth, maturation, and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells
treat neutropenia in dogs and and cats
Filgrastim
Interleukins
group of chemicals that play various roles in the immune system and promote the replication of antigenspecific T cells
IL1- IL12
Acemannan
potent stimulator of macrophage activity and is used to
treat fibrosarcomas and mast cells in dogs and cats
Monoclonal antibodies
cytotoxic effects on tumor cells and are
used in conjunction with other antineoplastic agents
Immunosuppressive drugs
Cyclosporine
inhibits the proliferation of T-lymphocytes
manage KCS (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, Dry Eye) in dogs and immune-mediated skin disorders
Azathioprine
affects cells in the S phase of the cell cycle, inhibits T- and B-lymphocytes;
used mainly in dogs for immune-mediated disease
Cyclophosphamide
interferes with DNA and RNA replication, disrupting nucleic acid function; has been u
used for immune mediated diseases
interfere stages of the cell cycle or by affecting cell messengers
Enzymes
L-asparaginase :
hydrolyzing asparagines (synthesize by normal cell, needed by cancerous cell via exogenous cell) to aspartic acid + ammonia
side effect: pain at injxn side, hypotension, diarrhoea
cell cycle
G1
enzyme for DNA synthesis
S
DNA synthesis & replication
G2
RNA & protein synthesis
M
mitosis
G0
resting phase
adverse rxn
adverse effect in rapidly dividing normal cells
bone marrow suppression
low wbc, inrease risk of infxn
low platelet- bleeding
low rbc- anaemia, lethargy
GIT effect
anorexia: taste residue frm drug, nausea
nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea: secondary to antineoplastic use, dehydration
alopecia
varies, kept out of cold, avoid excessive sunlight
infertility
may be permanent
cardiotoxicity
damage may be permanent