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fluid imbalance (hemorrhage (causes (trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammatory…
fluid imbalance
hemorrhage
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classifications
ecchymosis (bruise): trauma, degradation of Hb causes discoloration
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hyperemia/congestion
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hyperemia: arterial dilation, affected region becomes more red
congestion: passive process, impaired blood outflow from a tissue, affected region is cyanotic
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edema
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causes
increased hydrostatic pressures (CHP): CHF, portal HTN, venous obstruction
decreased osmotic pressure: cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, protein malnutrition
obstruction: parasites, neoplastic, iatrogenic
other: Na retention, increased perm