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Sodium balance (Hyponatremia (Hyperosmotic (Hypertonic hyponatremia…

- - - - Hyperglycaemia
  - - - Fluid status
        
        Euvolemia
        
        Inappropriate water retention
        
        SIADH
        
        Hypothyroidism
        
        Glucocorticoid deficiency
        
        Appropriate water excretion
        
        TURP syndrome
        
        Beer drinker's potomania
        
        Polydipsia
        
        Excessive IV fluid
        
        Hypervolemia
        
        Inappropriate salt and water retention - low urine Na
        
        Congestive heart failure
        
        Nephrotic syndrome
        
        Cirrhosis
        
        Inappropriate water retention - high urine Na
        
        Oliguric phase of acute renal failure
        
        Chronic renal failure
        
        Hypovolemia
        
        Low urine Na - Non-renal salt wasting
        
        Inadequate Na intake
        
        Excess Na loss
        
        Sweating
        
        Vomiting
        
        Diarrhoea
        
        Third space loss - burns, trauma
        
        High urine Na - Renal salt wasting
        
        Diuretics
        
        Glucocorticoid/mineralocorticoid deficiency
        
        RTA, metabolic acidosis
        
        Cerebral salt wasting
        
        Polyuric phase of acute renal failure
  - - - Hyperparaproteinaemia
      - Hypertriglyceridemia
- - - - Renal loss
        
        Post ATN (acute tubular necrosis)
        
        Obstructive salt loss
        
        Diuretics
        
        Osmotic diuresis
        
        Post-obstructive diuresis
    - - Extrarenal loss
        
        GI loss - diarrhoea, vomiting
        
        Insensible loss - trauma, burns, skin, lung
  - - - Extrarenal loss
        
        Insensible water loss
    - - Renal loss
        
        Nephrogenic DI
  - - - Iatrogenic salt loading
        
        Hypertonic saline
        
        Salt tablets
        
        IV sodium bicarbonate
      - Mineralocorticoid excess
        
        Cushing's
        
        Primary hyperaldosteronism
      - Hypertonic dialysis