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Particles and Atomic Structure (Particles (State Changes (Condensing…
Particles and Atomic Structure
Separating Mixtures
Simple Distillation
two liquids with different boiling points can be separated. Simple distillation (the procedure outlined below) can be used effectively to separate liquids that have at least fifty degrees difference in their boiling points.
Filtering
removes some unwanted components or features from a signal
Crystallization
a solid forms, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal
Chromatography
used to separate mixtures of substances into their components
Different components of the mixture will move at different rates
Definitions
Solvent
Able to dissolve other substances
Saturated Solution
A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved in the solvent
Solute
The minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent
Solution
A liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly distributed within the major component (the solvent)
Fractional Distillation
separation of a liquid mixture into fractions differing in boiling point (and hence chemical composition) by means of distillation, typically using a fractionating column
Elements, compounds and mixture
When water is the solvent, solubility can be expressed in relative volume, commonly as grams of solute per 100 grams of solvent
Atomic Structure
Electronic Configuration
Atomic Structure
Isotopes
Periodic Table
Elements are arranged from left to right and top to bottom in order of increasing atomic number. The number of electrons in a period increases as one moves down the periodic table
Particles
Liquids
Random movement, medium energy, weak forces between
particles, particles are touching
State Changes
Condensing
Decrease in energy
Freezing
Decrease in energy
Melting
Increase in energy
Boiling
Increase in energy
Solids
vibrate only, lowest energy, particles touching, strong forces
between particles
Gases
no fixed volume, no fixed shape
Random movement, highest energy, spaced apart, no forces
between particles
Diffusion
Definition
the spreading of something more widely.
Factors that affect the rate of diffusion