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3 Attention (Types ((Overt (moving eyes), Covert (Mental shift)),…

- - - - moving eyes
    - - Mental shift
  - - - Top down
    - - Bottom up
  - - - multitasking
- - - - Studied by
        
        Warning signal
        
        replaces resting state with preparation for detecting and responding
        
        Improve reaction time
        
        Substract from cue location
        
        Differentiate from orienting
      - Achieving and maintaining an alert state
      - Brain
        
        fronal/parietal right
        
        Tonic effects
        
        Norepinephrine
        
        Warning signal
        
        Can be turned off by drugs
        
        Left hemisphere
        
        phasic effects
      - Tonic alertness
        
        circadian rhythm
        
        Right hemsiphere
      - When?
    - - Studied by
        
        spatially indicative cue
      - Brain
        
        Parietal/frontal lobes
        
        Ventral system
        
        TPJ
        
        Shift
        
        When target occurs at uncued location
        
        Responds to sensory events
        
        Acetylcholine
        
        Dorsal system
        
        Rapid strategic control over attention
      - Ability to prioritize sensory input bu selecting a modality or location
      - Where?
      - Biased competition theory
        
        Attention arisises from winner takes all competition
    - - Studied by
        
        Tasks of clonflict
        
        Stroop
        
        Flanker
      - Brain
        
        Midline frontal/ACC
        
        Activated in many different tasks
        
        ACC
        
        Resolves conflict?
        
        Sustained maintenance
        
        Lateral PFC
        
        At beginning of blocks
      - Top down
      - 2 Seperate executive control networks #
        
        start cue activity
        
        lateral fronal and parietal regions
        
        Sustained activity
        
        Midline and ACC
  - - - Ability to control thoughts/feelings/behavior
      - Self control in adults
      - Conflict tasks activat common areas of anterior cingulate gyrus
        
        Dorsal
        
        cognitive tasks
        
        Ventral
        
        Emotion tasks
- - - - Bilateral FEF
      - Intraparietal sulcus
        
        Motion perception
    - - advance information about stimulus
      - attentional set
        
        Representations involved in selection of relevent stimuli/responses
    - - Endogenous cues
        
        Cue target interval
  - - - When salient and unattended
    - - Or invalid condition of endogenous
        
        unexpected location
      - Exogenous cues #
  - - - goal directed stimulus resopnse selection
      - Posners orienting function
      - Links relevant sensory representations to relevant motor represenations
    - - Detects relevant stimuli
      - circuit breaker for when stimuli are outside of focus
        
        Dependent on interaction between TPJ and IPs
      - More NE in right thalamus
- - - - Valid
      - Invalid
    - - endogenous
        
        Arrow in center
        
        80% predictive
        
        Vonuntary
      - exogenous
        
        One of the boxes is thicker
        
        50% predictive
        
        Involuntary
- - - - Measures 3 networks seperately
      - Is simple enough for children/animals/patients
      - Involves the 3 seperate networks
    - - Participant determines weather central arrow points left or right
        
        May be accompanied by flankers
      - Effects
        
        Orienting effect
        
        Center cue - spatial cue
        
        Center cue = control #
        
        Executive control effect
        
        incongruent flanking - congruent flanking
        
        Incongruent - neutral
        
        Alerting effect
        
        no-cue - double cue
        
        Why??
- - - - sparing of IPs-FEF network
    - - proposed
        
        dorsal IPs-FEF network for spatial attention
      - Corbetta
        
        TPJ-VFC system #
        
        Is more ventral
        
        neglect is more frequent in right hemisphere
        
        Problems with this
        
        Neglect worst in peripheral locations
        
        TPJ equal for left and right field
        
        Also problems in motor
        
        Might be more with other system
        
        Right TPJ lesions might functionally inactive the right dorsal network