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Cardiovascular compensations 1 (Sympathetic (Sympathetic effects (Fight or…
Cardiovascular compensations 1
Sympathetic
Sympathetic effects
Increase HR, increase contractility, reduce systole time (preserve diastole), increase speed of conduction of AP, reduce refractory period
General vasodconstriction
Increase afterload, so increase ESVV, decrease SV, decrease CO
Increase preload, so increase EDVV, increase SV, increase CO
Fight or flight
A adrenergenic activation
B1 activation
B2 activation
Most vessels constrict with sympathetic stimulation
Thoracolumbar origin
Supply to heart from sympathetic ganglia C5-T3
(Ganglion diagram from powerpoint, slide 5)
(C5 and C6) Ansa subclavia joins (C7,C8, T1, T2, T3 form stellate ganglion)
Blood vessels = a1, a2, B2 adrenergic (and M3 cholinergic)
Heart = B1 adrenergic
Parasympathetic
Parasympathetic effects
Decrease HR, decrease contractility, increase systole time, decrease speed of conduction of AP, increase refractory period
General vasodilation
Peripheral vasodilation, decrease afterload, decrease ESVV, increase SV so increase CO
Decrease preload, so decreased EDVV, so decreased SV so decreased SV
Rest and digest
Craniosacral origin
Vagus nerve (Cranial nerve X) supplies thoracic viscera
Some sympathetic nerves piggyback on vagus nerve to heart (so one structure innervates heart)
Blood vessels = M3 cholinergic
Heart = M2 cholinergic
Innervation of heart
Impulse initiated at SAN
NOT FROM NERVES
Modulates heart rate and way in which heart beats
Contracility
Autonomic nervous system
Response to exercise
Metabolic autoregulation of blood flow
Psychogenic response
Increase symp activity / decrease para activity
Increased CO
Increased TPR
Exercise reflex
Joint + muscle receptors
Modifies degree of autonomic activity
Feedback system
Baroreflex
Baroreceptors
Frequency of action potentials compared to
Skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps
Skeletal muscle pump squishes veins in abdomen, opens veins in thorax. Blood towards heart as pressure gradient
Resp pump increase preload
Adrenergic
a1 and a2
Arterioles
Veins (abdominal organs)
B1
Cardiac myocytes, including nodal tissue
B2
Coronary and skeletal muscle arterioles
Cholinergic
M2
Cardiac myocytes (mainly SA and AC nodes)
Sympathetic nerve endings at ventricular cells
M3
Coronary arterioles
Genital arterioles
Skeletal muscle arterioles