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Lipid Metabolism (Ketone Bodies (Utilization (Transported into cell…

- - - - Overproduction of ketone bodies due to low glucose. Leads to rise in pH
    - - Leads to buildup of ketone bodies and ketoacidosis.
  - - - Beta Hydroxybutarate
      - Acetoacetate
      - Ratio of these products is dependent on NADH levels. Less NADH, more Acetoacetate
    - - Acetone
- - - - Free fatty acids from lipoprotein lipase and chylomicrons
      - Fatty acids and glycerol linked together
      - Glycerol-3-P from glucose
      - TG acquires perilipin protein to hold it together
      - Stimulated by Insulin
    - - Stimulated by glucagon
      - Protein kinase A stimulates Hormone Sensitive Lipase
      - Albumin then transports free fatty acids to liver
  - - - Esterify fatty acids onto C1 and C2 of glycerol backbone
      - :Add polar head group to C3
  - - - Activated by insulin+ citrate. Inhibited by glucagon
      - Fatty Acid Synthase adds the carbons
      - Limiting enzyme: Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC)
      - Components
        
        CO2, Biotin, ATP
        
        Malonyl CoA
        
        Acetyl CoA
- - - - Picks up choleterol from tissues for removal
    - - Drops off fatty acid to tissue but also forms IDL
  - - - HMG CoA Reductase look-alikes (statins)
      - Bile salt resins
      - Increase HDL levels
      - Diet
- - - - ApoB48
        
        To release chylomicron from intestinal mucosal cells to be secreted into thoracic duct and then plasma.
      - ApoC
        
        Acquires after secretion to bind lipoprotein lipase to break TG to allow fatty acids to enter cell
    - - Carnitine Acyltransferase I
        
        Transfers FA acyl group to carnitine
      - Carnitine/AcylCarnitine Transporter
        
        Transports acyl group carnitine in to mito matrix
        
        Transports carnitine out of mito matrix
      - Carnitine Acyltransferase II
        
        Removes acyl group from carnitine and attaches CoA to acyl group in mito matrix. Forms FATTY CoA
    - - Forms acetyl CoA to enter TCA cycle to form NADH and FADH2 which forms ATP
      - Breaks down FA CoA to form FADH2 and NADH which forms ATP
- - - - Celecoxib
        
        Preferentially inhibits COX2. Less digestive side effects
      - Ibuprofen
        
        Reversibly inhibits COX 1 and COX 2
      - Aspirin
        
        Covalently inhibits COX1 and COX2
    - - Overactive leukotrienes
  - - - Lipoxygenase Pathway
        
        Leukotrienes
      - Terminate Inflammation
        
        Lipoxin
      - Cyclooxygenase Pathway
        
        Thromboxane
        
        Prostaglandins
    - - IP3