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Types of long term memory (Semantic memory (Contains our knowledge of the…
Types of long term memory
Episodic memory
refer to out ability to recall events from out lives
e.g. remembering an incident/event/place on holiday
Episodic memories are complex
time stamped
remember
when
the memories happened
single memories will include several elements
e.g. people and places, objects and behaviour
have to make an conscious effort to remember episodic memory
we do it quickly but still aware that you are searching for them
Semantic memory
Contains our knowledge of the world
e.g. facts
often likened to a combination if an encyclopedia and a dictionary
not time-stamped
less personal and more about facts we all share
contains an immense collection of material
constantly being added to
Procedural memory
our memory for actions, or skills, or basically how we do things
can recall these memories without conscious awareness
e.g playing drums
might find it quite hard to explain to someone else
Evaluation
Clinical evidence
Case study HM and Clive Wearing
Episodic mem in both men was severly impaired
had great difficulty recalling events that had happen to them in past
Semantic memories unaffected (knew what words meant)
e.g HM couldn't remember stroking a dog earlier but didn't need the word 'dog' explaining to him over and over again
procedural mem also intact
this supports Tulving's view that there are different memory stores in LTM
One store can be damaged but other stores are unaffected
clear evidence not only types of memory different but also stores located different part of brain
Neuroimaging evidence
Brain scans
Show different types of mem are stored in diff part of brain
e.g Tulving et al. got their Ps to perform various tasks while brains scanned by PET scanner
found that episodic and semantic mem were both recalled form an area call
the prefrontal cortex
this area split into 2
Left prefrontal cortex: semantic mem
right prefrontal cortex: episodic
Support
view that there is a physical reality to the different types of LTM within brain
confirmed many times in later research- supporting the validity of this finding
Real-life applications
identifying different aspects of LTM
psychologists to target certain kinds of memory in order to better people's lives
Belleville et al. demonstrated that episodic mem could be improved in older people who had a mild cognitive impairment
the trained Ps performed better on a test of epi mem after training than the control group
Episodic most effected by mild cognitive impairments
benefit for distinguish LTM
enables to develop specific treatment