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Circulation of the Petroleum Diet (Africa (Nigeria, Sasakawa Global 2000,…

- - - - US Foreign Aid during Cold War
        
        Rockefeller: Technological Research and Capacity Building
        
        Ford: CDP #
      - Five Year Plan (1951-1956)
      - Technical Cooperation Program (TCP)
      - Soil-Testing Perspectives
        
        TCP: Soil-testing facilities testing chemical-centric qualities
        
        Traditional Indian Kashyapiyakrisisukti treaties: Observing the colours, natural contents of the soil
      - India starving during independence from Britain
        
        Nehru
    - - IARI: Indian Agricultural Research Institute
    - - Socioeconomic:
        
        India: 1% increase in yield/ha = 0.4% in poverty rate
        
        However, the poverty alleviation is not even, it favours area of high agricultural production, creating geographical disparities.
        
        Technology and policy bypasses the poor farmers: inequitable land distribution, tenancy rights, small-holders discriminatory policies, advanced technology subsidies.
      - Health Impact
        
        Nourishment rates and caloric intake generally increased, dietary diversity fell due to focusing on high-value monocultures.
        
        Legumes were neglected while wheat and rice were promoted
        
        Philippines and India
      - Environment
        
        Although less land is needed due to HYV's, there was larger environmental impacts due to poor policy making in India which promoted overuse of inputs.
        
        Overuse of water
        
        Soil Degradation (erosion, mineral leeching, compaction, over-tilling, acidification, alkalization)
        
        Chemical Runoff (Pesticides, Fertilizers)
        
        Subsidies focused on pesticides, irrigation technology, fertilizers.
        
        Technologies ineffective in marginalized geographical regions (HYV not as effective without irrigation, fertilizers only 10% effective in dry regions.)
      - Population
        
        urban migration vs. employment.
- - - - Yaqui Valley
      - Joined Rockefeller Foundation-Mexican Government program,
        called the OWcina de Estudios Especiales
        (OEE) - 1944
        
        Precursor for CIMMYT, and virtually all institutions under the CGIAR umbrella.
      - Training Mexican scientists to address agricultural issues with their main staple crops: maize, beans, wheat, potatoes.
      - Stem rust resistant strains was the first development/project which lead to shuttle breeding.
      - *Make maps of Mexican research centres.