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unit 2 (The Need for Psychological Science (Mod4) (overconfidence,…
unit 2
The Need for
Psychological Science (Mod4)
overconfidence
tendency to perceive patterns in random events
Hindsight bias- the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
Critical thinking- thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions.
The Scientific Method and Description (mod 5)
Scientific Method
theory- an explanation using an integrated set of principals that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
hypothesis- a testable prediction often implied by a theory
operational definition- a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study
replication- repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different participants in different stations, to see weather the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
description methods
case study- a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principals
naturalistic observation- observing an recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Survey- a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
random sampling
sampling bias- a flawed sampling process that produces and unrepresentative sample
population- all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn
random sample- a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Correlation and Experimentation (Mod 6)
experimentation
experiment- a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process
experimental group- in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment
control group- in experiment, the group NOT exposed to the treatment
random assignment- assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different group
double-blind procedure- an experimental procedure in which both the research staff and participants are ignorant about wheather the participants have received the treatment or a placebo
variables
dependent variable- the outcome factor
confounding variable- a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
independent variable- the experimental factor that is manipulated
validity- the extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Placebo effect- experimental results caused by expectations alone
correlation
correlation coefficient- a statistical index of the relationship between two variables
scatterplot- a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the value of two variables. the slop of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables
correlation- a measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other
correlation does not equal causation
illusory correlation-the perception of a relationship where none exists
Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life
descriptive stats
mean- the arithmetic average of a distribution
median- the middle score in a distribution
mode- the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
range- the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a value
histogram- a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution
skewed distribution- a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value
standard deviation- a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
normal curve- a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data
inferential statistics- numerical data that allow one to generalize
statistical significance- a statistical stament of how likley it is that obtained result occured by chance
Frequently Asked Questions About Psychology (Mod 8)
culture- the enuring behaviors, ideals, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to another
ethics
informed consent- an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
debreifing- the post experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants
keep information about individual participants confidential
protect them from physical or emotional harm and discomfort