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Unit Eight (Listening Guide 65: Tavener: A Hymn to the Mother of God…

- - - - short and choppy phrases
- - - - genius
      - often considered the best composer ever
      - used "strategic disruptions"
        
        doesn't actually reject classical form
        
        formal considerations are absolutely necessary
      - Beethoven's Symphonies
        
        provided ideal medium
        
        first two
        
        closest in Classical style
        
        symphony 1
        
        movement 1
        
        winds prominent
        
        not very clear
        
        slow
        
        disjunt
        
        moves to a clear melody
        
        strings take prominence
        
        fast
        
        exciting
        
        wind feature
        
        third
        
        began to expand the possibilities of the genre
        
        originally dedicated to Napolean
        
        interpreted as a personal narrative of individual heroism
        
        the Eroica
        
        movement 2
        
        funeral march
        
        movement 3
        
        scherzo with a trio
        
        first time in a symphony
        
        mixed the two a bit
        
        completely unconventional
        
        scherzo
        
        building and releasing tension
        
        same motive over and over
        
        changes keys throughout
        
        quick
        
        trio
        
        lyrical
        
        length
        
        twice as long as a Mozart or Haydn symphony
        
        fifth
        
        popularly viewed as the model of the genre
        
        can be heard as a whole
        
        not just four different movements
        
        movement one
        
        sonata-allegro
        
        marked "Allegro con brio"
        
        lively, with vigor
        
        "three shorts and a long" idea
        
        most commanding and recognizable gesture in the whole symphony
        
        pursued single mindedly
        
        described as "Fate knocking at the door" by Beethoven
        
        basic rhythm reveals a new fount of explosive energy in the coda
        
        movement two
        
        serene theme and variation
        
        two melodic ideas
        
        exploited with all the procedures in variaton
        
        9 more items...
        
        the 3 short, long rhythm is heard in the second theme
        
        movement three
        
        scherzo
        
        opens with a rocket theme
        
        introduced by cellos and double basses
        
        transitions to a gruff humorous trio in C major
        
        scherzo returns in a modified version
        
        followed by a transitional passage to movement 4
        
        movement four
        
        starts without pause
        
        brings back unifying rhythmic motive
        
        early example of cyclical form
        
        a theme or musical idea from one movement returns in a later one
        
        unleashed new instruments
        
        piccolo
        
        contrabassoon
        
        trombones
        
        expand the ensembles range and intensity
        
        sonata allegro form
        
        extended coda
        
        closes with a tonic chord
        
        proclaimed triumphantly by the orchestra again and again
        
        ninth
        
        Choral
        
        vocal soloists and chorus join the orchestra
        
        completely unprecedented
        
        totally deaf when he wrote it
        
        "Ode to Joy"
        
        by Schiller
        
        established the Romantic era
  - - - first movement
        
        Allegro con brio
        
        melody
        
        fiery four-note motive
        
        basis for thematic development
        
        contrasting lyrical second theme
        
        Four note rhythmic idea (short-short-short-long) shapes the movement
        
        harmony
        
        C minor, with dramatic shifts between minor and major tonality
        
        texture
        
        mostly homophonic
        
        form
        
        Concise sonata allegro form
        
        extended coda
        
        repetition, sequence and variation techniques
        
        expression
        
        wide dynamic contrasts
        
        forceful energetic tempo
      - second movement
        
        melody
        
        Two contrasting themes
        
        smooth first theme
        
        rising second theme
        
        built on four-note idea
        
        flowing triple meter
        
        Harmony
        
        related key
        
        A-flat major
        
        mostly hommophonic
        
        form
        
        variations with two themes
        
        varied rhythms, melodies, harmony (major and minor)
        
        expression
        
        warm strings
        
        brilliant woodwinds
        
        powerful brass
      - third movement
        
        melody
        
        wide-ranging ascending scherzo theme
        
        more conjunct, quick trio theme
        
        rhythm/meter
        
        quick triple meter throughout
        
        insistent focus on four-note rhythm
        
        harmony
        
        dramatic C-minor scherzo
        
        trio in C major
        
        texture
        
        homophonic
        
        some fugal treatment in the trio
        
        form
        
        A-B-A'
        
        scherzo-trio-scherzo
        
        link to final movement
        
        expression
        
        wide-ranging dynamic contrasts
        
        fast tempo
        
        timbre
        
        themes in low strings
        
        pizzicato strings at the return of the scherzo
        
        timpani in transition to the last movement
      - fourth movement
        
        without pause from movement three
        
        melody
        
        triumphant theme outlining C-major triad
        
        energetic second theme
        
        rhythm/meter
        
        very fast duple meter
        
        four-note rhythmic idea
        
        mostly homophonic
        
        form
        
        sonata-allegro
        
        long coda
        
        cyclic
        
        expression
        
        forceful dynamics
        
        fortepiano
        
        intense
        
        spirited
        
        performing forces
        
        added instruments
        
        piccolo
        
        contrabassoon
        
        trombone
- - - - created by Arnold Schoenberg
      - throws out major and minor
      - i.e. serialism
      - based on a tone row
        
        12 pitches of equal weight in any order
        
        becomes basis for all the piece's themes, harmonies, and musical patterns
        
        four different ways to add variety
        
        transposed row
        
        same order, different starting point
        
        inversion
        
        the movement of notes is in the opposite direction
        
        retrograde
        
        pitches in reverse order
        
        retrograde inversion
        
        upside down and backwards
    - - Alban Berg (1885-1935)
        
        born in Vienna to a well-to-do family
        
        began studying with Arnold Schoenberg
        
        called to serve in WWI
        
        poor health his whole life
        
        asthma
        
        nerve ailment
        
        premiere of Wozzeck lead him to international fame
        
        Berlin State Opera
        
        1925
        
        during mature years
        
        teacher
        
        composer
        
        propagandizing for Schoenberg and his school
        
        banned by the third Reich
        
        after competing his Violin Concerto
        
        went to rest in the country side
        
        got bitten by a bug
        
        abscess
        
        infection
        
        1 more item...
        
        style
        
        rooted in German Romanticism
        
        Brahms
        
        Wagner
        
        Gustav Mahler (1860-1911)
      - Anton Webern
      - Arnold Schoenberg
    - - Mozart
      - Haydn
      - Beethoven
  - - - Berg
      - inspiration
        
        early Romantic play of the same name
        
        by German writer Georg Büchner
        
        based on real life events
      - plot
        
        Wozzeck is a soldier who is experimented on by a sadistic Captain and unsettling clinical doctor. Agrees because he needs money
        
        Wozzeck loves Marie, they have an illegitimate son
        
        Marie does not reciprocate his love and instead likes a handsome Drum Major
        
        Wozzeck kills her because he thinks she is unfaithful
        
        ends with Marie's son told of his mother's death
      - three acts
        
        five scenes
        
        each scene linked by brief orchestral interlude
        
        each scene and interlude is a systematic study on a particular musical idea
      - Act III, Scene 4
        
        plot
        
        Wozzeck returns to where he killed Marie
        
        throws the knife he used into the water and then follows it, drowning himself
        
        Doctor and Captain appear after and ignore Wozzeck's drowning groans and respond to a general sense of dread.
        
        melody
        
        Use of Sprechstimme
        
        speech-like melody
        
        disjunct line
        
        movement alternates between metric and free-flowing
        
        harmony
        
        both tonal and atonal language
        
        dissonant and chromatic
        
        intensley emotional vocal line, supported by dissonance and surging dynamics
        
        timber
        
        eerie mood created by a celeste and unusual intrument combinations
        
        colorful orchestral effects
      - Act III, Scene 5
        
        opens w/ symbolic interlude in D minor
      - 1922
      - Genre
        
        Opera
      - characters
        
        Wozzeck
        
        a soldier
        
        baritone
        
        Captain
        
        tenor
        
        Marie
        
        Wozzeck's common-law wife
        
        soprano
        
        Doctor
        
        bass
        
        Marie and Wozzeck's son
        
        treble
        
        Drum Major
        
        tenor
- - - - a return to Classicism
      - emulation of the great musicians of the early 18th century
        
        Vivaldi
        
        J.S. Bach
        
        Handel
      - turned away from symphonic poem and the Romantic attempt to bring music closer to poetry and painting
      - preferred absolute to program music
      - focused attention on craftsmanship and balance
      - revived some older forms
        
        toccata
        
        fugue
        
        concerto grosso
        
        suite
        
        also retained some more traditional forms
        
        symphony
        
        sonata
        
        concerto
      - valued formal above expressive
      - strove for purity of line and proportion
      - also focused on 20th century ideals of progress through science
    - - 20th century nationalism
        
        diffefrent from 19th century nationalism in one important aspect
        
        approached traditional music with a scientific spirit
      - phonograph had been invented
        
        ethnomusicologists were at large
        
        people who went around recording music from different places
        
        composers used traditional pieces in their work
        
        like Béla Bartók (1881-1945)
        
        reconciled the traditional songs of his native Hungary with the main currents of European music
        
        creating an entirely personal language
        
        native Hungarian
        
        studied at the Royal Academy in Budapest
        
        realized the the world recognized Roma or Gypsie music as Hungarian
        
        toured romate villages of the country to collect the native songs
        
        2 more items...
        
        left Hungary for New York in 1940
        
        didn't like Hitler
        
        style
        
        harmony
        
        2 more items...
        
        great rhythmic innovators of modern time
        
        rejected orchestral sound in favor of a palette of colors all his own
        
        virtuoso pianist
        
        master of modern piano writing
      - many of the Romantic-era national schools continued into the 20th century
        
        The modern English School is best represented by Benjamin Britten (1913-1976)
        
        operas include
        
        Peter Grimes (1945)
        
        about an English fishing village
        
        Billy Budd (1951)
        
        based on Herman Melville
        
        the Russian school continued with two important figures
        
        Sergei Prokofiev (1891-1953)
        
        known for
        
        symphonies
        
        operas
        
        piano concertos
        
        narrated Peter and the Wold
        
        the film score to Lieutenant Kijé
        
        Dmitri Shostakovich (1906-1975)
        
        known for
        
        symphonies
        
        operas
  - - - first movement
        
        Allegro non troppo/Allegro vivace
        
        introduction, sonata-allegro form
      - second movement
        
        Game of Pairs Allegretto scherzando
        
        A-B-A' form
      - third movement
        
        Elegia, Andante non troppo
        
        three episodes
      - fourth movement
        
        Interrupted Intermezzo, Allegretto
        
        rondo-like for
        
        Listening guide 54
        
        melody
        
        three contrasting themes
        
        folk-like and pentatonic (A)
        
        broad and lyrical (B)
        
        harsh descending line in clarinet (C)
        
        shifting meters (2/4, 5/8, 3/4, 5/8) and irregular rhythms
        
        harmony
        
        polytonal and atonal
        
        dissonant
        
        form
        
        Rondo-like structure (A-B-A'-C-B'-A'')
        
        expression
        
        nostalgic and sentimental
        
        violent interruption at idea of Nazi invasion
        
        timber
        
        solo woodwinds featured (oboe, clarinet, flute)
        
        darkly colored (violas)
      - fifth movement
        
        pesante/presto
        
        sonata-allegro form
- - - - overture
        
        not associated with the opera
        
        single-movement concert piece
        
        for orchestra
        
        might evoke a land- or seascape, or embody a patriotic or literary idea
      - incidental music
        
        usually consists of an overture and a series of pieces performed between the acts of a play and during important scenes
      - symphonic poem
        
        19th century's most original contribution
        
        created by Franz Liszt
        
        program music for orchestra in one movement
        
        has contrasting sections that develop the poetic idea
        
        i.e. tone poem
        
        gave composers flexibility for big one movement pieces
        
        became the most common type of orchestral program music through the second half of the century
    - - nationalism one the rise in nineteenth-century Europe
        
        impacted the Romantic movement
        
        composers expressed nationalism in several ways
        
        pieces based on songs and dances of their people
        
        dramatic works based on folklore or peasant life
        
        sought to give expression to the hopes of millions of people
        
        not ignored by the authorites
        
        some of Giuseppe Verdi's operas had to be repeatedly altered to not be censored
        
        often portrayed rulers as unjust
        
        Scandinavian Nationalism
        
        Edvard Grieg (1843-1907)
        
        born in Bergen, Norway
        
        attended the famous Leipzig Conservatory in Germany
        
        fell under the spell of Felix Mendelssohn and Robert Schumann
        
        tried hand at larger works
        
        symphony
        
        sonata
        
        he felt more at home with smaller scale works
        
        2 more items...
  - - - Date
        
        1874-75
        
        play
        
        1888
        
        suite
      - genre
        
        incidental music to a play by Henrik Ibsen
      - 4 movements
        
        movement 1
        
        Morning Mood
        
        dreamy melody in an inverted arch shape, with decorative grace notes
        
        lilting 6/8 meter
        
        harmony
        
        E major, with many harmonic inflections
        
        static chords
        
        homophonic
        
        A-B-A'
        
        expression
        
        grows to a loud climax
        
        swells in dynamics, then dies away
        
        medium
        
        pastoral instruments (flute, oboe, horn) are prominent
        
        movement 2
        
        Ase's Death
        
        movement 3
        
        Anitra's Dance
        
        movement 4
        
        In the Hall of the Mountain King
        
        ghostly melody in two phrases, with a rising accented line
        
        rhythm/meter
        
        duple-meter march
        
        short, staccato notes and offbeat accents
        
        harmony
        
        B minor
        
        homophonic
        
        form
        
        a single theme repeated over and over
        
        a closing coda
        
        huge crescendo and accelerando to a dramatic ending
        
        performing forces
        
        pizzicato strings and staccato woodwind effects
        
        offbeats in brass and percussion