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Actual methods (Correlation (Correlation: A measure of how strongly two or…

- - - - Labs give us more control of the environment. This makes it easier to:
        Replicate the study
        Control extraneous variables.
        Establish cause and effect.
  - - - Strength: No Participant variables because all participants take part in all conditions
      - Weakness: Order Effects - When the order of the conditions affects the participants’ behaviour. In other words, doing the task in the first condition can affect how you do it in the second condition.
    - - Strength: No order effects as participants only take part in one condition
      - Weakness: Participant variables: Differences between people that can affect the DV
    - - Strength: Reduces Participant Variables because each participant has a matching participant in the other condition
        Removes order effects because participants only take part in one condition
      - Weakness: Can be very time consuming because each participant in one condition has to be matched with a participant in the other condition
- - - - Weakness: Slower to gather data than questionnaires because the researcher must be present with each participant
      - Strength: Can allow for more in-depth investigations because the researcher can gather more information than a questionnaire would allow
    - - Weakness: Responses may be biased because participants may change their answers due to Social Desirability
      - Strength: A relatively quick and cheap way to gather large amounts of data from large groups of participants because researchers do not need to be present to collect data
    - - Strength: Increased validity because the interviewer can change or adapt questions to gather more information
      - Weakness: Can be very time consuming because the responses from each interview take longer to analyse than questionnaires
    - - Strength: More reliable than an unstructured interview because an interview schedule is used.
      - Weakness: Less reliable than a structured interview because questions may have been added or adapted
    - - Strength: More reliable because the questions are standardised
      - Weakness: Not flexible because the interviewer must stick to the interview schedule
- - - - Controlled observation: “An observation that takes place in an artificial setting”
        
        Weakness: Less Ecological Validity because the setting is artificial
        
        Strength: Fewer extraneous variables because the researcher can control the environment
      - Structured observation: “An observation in which the researcher uses a predetermined set of categories to record behaviour”
        
        Weakness: Less valid because some relevant behaviours may not be included in the categories
        
        Strength: More reliable because categories are being used to record behaviours in a consistent way
      - Naturalistic observation: “An observation that takes place in a natural setting”
        
        Weakness: Less control over extraneous variables because the environment is not controlled
        
        Strength: Higher Ecological Validity because it is in a natural setting
      - Unstructured observation: “An observation in which the researcher does not use categories for behaviour, but simply records ALL behaviour”
        
        Weakness: Less reliable because there are no consistent behaviour categories being used
        
        Strength: More valid because all relevant behaviours can be recorded
    - - Coding frames:Allow for more specific behaviours to be observed within a behaviour category. Codes and abbreviations can be used to record the severity of behaviours or a different sub-type within a category
      - Event sampling: When the researcher records a behaviour every time it occurs
        
        Weakness:Researcher may become overwhelmed because many behaviours may occur at once
        
        Strength:: Less likely to miss behaviours because the observation is constant
      - Behaviour categories: Clearly defined behaviours are identified, which can be observed and recorded. These are placed on a checklist and tallied every time that behaviour occurs
      - Time sampling: When the researcher uses set time intervals to record behaviour
        
        Weakness:May miss behaviours because they may occur outside the recording periods
        
        Strength:Less likely to be overwhelmed because time intervals are used