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MALE REPRODUCTIVE PATHOLOGY (Testes (Histology (germ cells, Sertoli cells,…
MALE REPRODUCTIVE PATHOLOGY
Scrotum
Congenital
Agenesis
Failure of fusion
Scrotal bifurcation
Skin lesions
localied
frostbite
Self-trauma
widespread
infectious
Immune-mediated
parasitic
Chorioptes bovis in rams
neoplasia
haemangiosarcoma
mast cell tumour
melanoma
Hernia
horses
open castration
Fluid accumulation
vaginal tunic
hydrocoele
anarsarca/ ascites
haematocoele
trauma
Testes
Anatomy
pampiniform plexus
body
epididymis
Histology
germ cells
Sertoli cells
interstitial cells
Spermatozoa
Congenital
Anorchia
failure of testicular development
testicular agenesis
failure of development of one testis
Cyptorchidism
incomplete descent of testis
posterior kidney to external inguinal ring
common abnormality
cat and horse
Consequences
reduced fertility
increased risk of torsion and neoplasia
Anatomy
hypoplastic testis with hypoplastic tubules
Histology
increased fibrous tissue and thickened BMs
Testicular hypoplasia
failure to reach normal size
Causes
spontaneous
associated with cryptorchidism/intersex conditions
reduced number, length and/or diameter of tubules
Histology
+/- germ cells
produce few or no spermatozoa
Smooth BM
#
no inflammation
Testicular degeneration
most common cause of reduced fertility
Causes
local
systemic
infection
nutritional disorders
chemicals/ hormones
hyperthermia
hypoxia
Gross Anatomy
small, soft, loss of turgor
firm, wrinkled surface with areas of mineralisation
epididymis not affected
appear disproportionately large
Histology
failure of maturation, formation of multinucleated spermatids
loss of spermatogonia
Cytoplasmic vacuolation of Sertoli cells
loss
fibrosis
variable inflammation
BM thickened and wavy
tubular collapse
Circulatory Disturbances
Example
occlusion of testicular artery
torsion of spermatic cord
thrombosis
arteritis and vasculitis
malignant catarrhal fever
cattle
equine arteritis virus
Variocoele
dilated/tortous veins
pampiniform plexus
rams
incidental but can cause reduced fertility
affect thermoregulation
result in degeneration, atrophy or necrosis
Inflamation
Orchitis
Ddx
epididymitis
Routes
Haematogenous
Brucella
FIP
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Ascending infection
#
Secondary infection
Histology
acute
necrosis of seminiferous epithelium +/- haemorrhagic or fibrinopurulent exudate
chronic
granulomatous inflammation
release of sperm into interstitial tissue
foreign body response
sperm granuloma
fibrosis and mineralisation
abscessation
Gross anatomy
swelling
hot
painful
necrosis
tunica albuginea cannot expand much
Types
Interstitial
Intratubular
Necrotising
Neoplasia
cell origin
germinal cells
seminoma
teratoma
sex-cord stroma
Sertoli cell tumour
Femination syndrome
oestrogen production
bone marrow suppresion
myelotoxic
Clinical signs
attractive to male dogs
decreased libido
symmetrical alopecia
oestrogen levels
mammary neoplasia
preputial oedema
hyperplasia/ squamous metaplasia of prostate
contralateral testicular atrophy
redistribution of body fat
Leydig cell tumour
Epididymis
Sperm granuloma
#
trauma or rupture of efferent tubules
may lead to pressure degeneration of testis
Spermatocoele
cystic dilations
congenital/ acquired occlusions
Epididymitis
causes
ascending cystic bacterial infection but systemic spread
direct penetration injury
viral infection
Gross
increased size of epididymis
concurrent testicular atrophy
Histology
fibrin
inflammatory cells
degenerate spermatozoa
sperm granulomas
Funiculitis
inflammation of the spermatic cord
surgery
infection
Staph. A
chronic infection
scirrhous cord
granulation tissue formation with multiple small abscesses
Penis + Prepuce
Congenital
Absence, hypoplasia, duplication
Absence of sigmoid flexure
rams, bulls
Persistent penile frenulum
bulls and dogs
cork-screw/ deviation of penis
Phimosis
#
cannot be extruded
Paraphimosis
cannot be retracted
Hypospadia
abnormal ventral urethral opening
Epispadia
#
abnormal dorsal urethral opening
Non-inflammatory
Priapism
persistent erection
Acepromazine in horses
penile paralysis
Trauma
Fracture of os penis
Inflammation
Posthitis
prepuce
Balanitis
Glans penis
Balanoposthitis
#
Neoplasia
TVT
proliferaive, nodular, papilliform mass
friable, ulcerated surface
Transmissible fibropapilloma
SCC
horses
melanoma
grey horses