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AAS FINAL (Misc. (Joe Louis: first African-American national hero in the U…

- - - - case taken to court and Supreme Court upholds decision that Sandra remains "colored" (legal criteria for determining race are "appearance and general acceptance")
        
        2 months later, Parliament passes amendment to Population Registration Act giving more weight to "descent" than "acceptance" in determining race
- - - - a strong, reorganized Africa, whose economy utilizes its full range of resources, will have a positive effect on people of African descent outside of Africa (and vice versa)
- - - - David Livingstone - British explorer/missionary (but resigned from LMS after performing poorly as a missionary) and doctor who popularized quinine (wonder drug that prevented malaria) and wrote about engagements w/Africans, very respectful of local customs
        
        ideas of "Christianity, Commerce, and Civilization": If we can bring Christianity, it will facilitate European trade and spread of European culture
  - - - invented by British, allowed Europeans to control African populations, first real machine gun
- - - - 1975: Emperor Haile Selassie
    - - King Leopold walked away from Berlin Conference w/biggest state in Africa >> non-gov't association, Association Internationale du Congo, ruled Congo
        
        Vision: international humanitarian committee for "civilizing" the peoples of Central Africa
        
        Reality: single-shareholder development company owned by Leopold to monopolize the rubber and ivory trades
        
        Congo Free State: Leopold's personal property (now known as Democratic Republic of the Congo), gov't of Belgium reluctantly annexed it
        
        George Washington Williams was trying to figure out whether black Americans should stay or emigrate to the Congo (started movement to publicize it) >> was deceived by Leopold's seemingly great Congo and found out truth when he got there --> wrote open letter to Leoppold and exposed his sins to the world --> led to decolonization of Congo (example of reflex influence?)
- - - - 1954: State invades and removes everybody by force
      - 1958: whole place destroyed, all residents move down to Kingston