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ANTHRCUL EXAM 3 (Language (Grammar - system/structure of a language…
ANTHRCUL EXAM 3
Language
hypercorrection - using wrong word/form bc it seems more correct/prestigious (eg. incorrect use of "whom", child spells "Holly" as "Hole")
People
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Franz Boas - cultural relativism, researched Kwakiutl: built into the grammar is the indication that they know how you did what you did (vs. just an action happening)
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Gender and Language
separate pronunciations for men vs. women (eg. actor vs. actress, poet vs. poetess)
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nationalism
Haiti: everybody speaks Creole (vs. French, which only 10% of the population speak)
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African American Vernacular English (AAVE) - relatively uniform dialect spoken among black youth in most parts of the U.S., esp in urban centers (has its own set of rules, Southern influence)
Arts
ethnomusicology - comparative study of music as an aspect of culture (eg. music selection for movies, music journalist's discovery of the "devil's interval" in his office
art by intention - artist meant as art (eg. art piece on consumerism mistaken for trash by janitorial staff)
art by appropriation - things placed in that category by others (eg. teen placed glasses on museum floor as prank and people thought it was art)
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People
Laura Bohannan - lived among Tiv tribe of Nigeria, wrote "Shakespeare in the Bush" (story of Hamlet interpreted very differently by group of villagers --> conclusion: perspective affects perception and expectation)
Religion
3 Core Functions
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science and religion different but similar in that they both look for simplicity beneath the complexity
can provide explanation for misfortune (most powerful for things that seem random/unfair, i.e. causality not obvious)
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way to exercise control
magic - supernatural techniques used to accomplish specific goals, employed most in situations of greatest uncertainty (which creates patterns in which magic is employed)
mana - sacred impersonal force, type of good luck charm (can be found in objects)
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mana in Polynesia: attached to political offices (i.e. chiefs and nobles had more mana than ordinary people)
bodies/possessions of high chiefs were taboo (set apart as sacred and off-limits to ordinary people)
ordinary people can't handle that much mana, so when accidently exposed, they must go through purification rites
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Rites of passage - rituals associated w/change in status or stage of life, 3 phases
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- liminality (in-between/limbo phase)
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animism - earliest form of religion, belief in spiritual beings
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Claude Levi-Strauss: deep structures exist in all cultures which make the cultures equitable (structuralism)
myths - handed down, traditional and often sacred narratives
universal pattern to the structure of myths: the shaped structure of myths is derived from the shared structure of the mind
universal characteristics include the need to classify/impose order, binary oppositions
Sex, Gender, Sexuality
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gender - qualities that are culturally constructed, defined, taught, and learned
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Margaret Mead - pioneer in study of gender roles, conducted ethnography across 3 tribes to determine whether defined masculine/feminine characteristics were universal (result: characteristics patterned by culture, i.e. biology doesn't determine gender roles)
Politics
colonialism - the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time
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world-system theory - idea that a discernible social system, based on wealth and power differentials, transcends individual countries (everything is a subsystem of something else except for countries, which make up the global system and are marked by differences in wealth and power)
3 positions: core, semiperiphery, periphery
core - strongest, most powerful nations w/most productive economies and greatest concentration of capital, consists of monopolies
semiperiphery - intermediate between core and periphery, industrialized countries w/out the power and economic dominance of core nations
periphery - poorest and least privileged countries (but still some degree of industrialization), production of raw materials
Karl Marx
industrialization gave rise to new form of socioeconomic stratification: Marx saw this division as the divide between bourgeoisie and the proletariat
bourgeoisie - owned factories, mines, estates, and other means of production
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Medical Anthropology - application of anthropological theories and methods to questions of health, illness, medicine, and healing
historical influences
biological anthropology - comparative anatomy, genetics, evolution, adaptation, etc. (study from a biological perspective)
early ethnographic fieldwork - very rich sources of medical anthropology data (witchcraft, ritual, etc.)
culture and personality school - "national character" is the typical psychology of people in a typical society, suggested that in every culture, there is a basic character/personality (led to observations of "normal" vs. "abnormal" behavior, cross-cultural studies of abnormal behavior, discounted)
international public health movement after WWII (destruction that followed WWII led to exposure to many diseases/germs, which led to the formation of many public helath campaigns)
illness = context gives meaning to what it means to be ill (eg. kid claims he is sick and different parents have different standards for allowing the kid to stay home); form of communication, through which nature, culture, and society speak, i.e. it's not just a biological phenomenon (eg. Azande claim HIV is most serious problem in their population despite there being few cases --> informed by whichcraft)
some see illness as an opportunity to learn new things/gain new insights (eg. perceiving things in the midst of hallucination)
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Culture Sketches
Haiti
distinction between poor and wealthy drawn along lines of religion, language, and skin color
language: French = language of the wealthy, offers access to power and prestige whereas Creole does not, spoken by 10% of population
Voudon: syncretism of African beliefs and Catholicism, product of the plantation economy (i.e. many elements do not belong to African or Catholic beliefs)
while Roman Catholicism is the official language, voudon is the living language
Kaluli
Gisaro - part of large ceremony where dancers (assembled by request to all men) prepare songs and elaborate costumes and perform from dusk until dawn --> performance inflicts emotional pain on hosts, and in return, hosts inflict physical pain on dancers
way for Kaluli to understand and express their view of the world, loss and sorrow contained in it, link with the dead
Ju/hoansi
Ju/'hoansi live in epicenter of HIV/AIDS epidemic, but don't seem to be as affected by it as other areas
why: women are not pressured, they have the power to say no and advocate for themselves --> gender equality = essential part of Ju/'hoansi egalitarian society
Ju/'hoansi today: power of n/um (curing energy that binds people together in spirit of reciprocity, abundant and freely shared) remains center of Ju/'hoansi life
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