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Challenges of an Urbanising World Topic 2…
Challenges of an Urbanising World
Topic 2
Mumbai - Growing megacity
Physical Location Benefits for TNC's
Surrounded by the Arabian sea (historical factors) - Containerisation
International Airports : Faster transport option for import/export
Tiger Economies - Surrounding emerging countries
Outsourcing - TNC's love exploiting people
It's waterfront is 10km long. Allowing huge port development, with manufacturing industries nearby.
Mumbai (formerly Bombay) is located in the state of Maharashtra which is India's richest state
Definitions
Million City - City with a population of over 1 million
World City - A megacity that plays a disproportionate role in global affairs
Conurbation - When cities merge or continuously grow
Urban Primacy - Importance and influence bigger than their size suggests
Decision makers - TNC's decide what to produce, what to sell and where economic activity occurs
CBD - Central Business District
Political Decisions - Government decisions in the UK can affect people globally e.g. about where to invest, or trying to resolve conflict
Urban Sprawl - Cities become bigger and merge into other towns due to increased population
Megacity - Cities with a population of 10 million or over
Population Density - Amount of people living in a certain area
Squatter Settlements - People who live on the streets in groups, generally beg for money in commercial areas
Spatial Growth - How the area of a place has grown over time due to population increase
Social Stigma - People with leprosy are shunned from communities due to the fear of catching the disease
Structure of Mumbai
Similarities to London
The industrial area is very close to the CBD - Burgess Model
Sub-urbanisation is similar
Differences to London
Industrial area in Mumbai are on the outskirts of Mumbai
Some industrial areas are near the port, but the land is so expensive that many have moved further from the CBD to save costs on land
Low income groups live in 'chawls' - these are low quality multi storey buildings. 80% of homes are single rooms
Problems
Overcrowding
Spread of disease
Lack of privacy
Theft - Desperate people
60% of people live in slums
Child labour is very common
High risk of flooding in the future
Mumbai's CBD
Bank of America
Walt Disney
Microsoft India
Volkswagen
Cadbury India
Bollywood
Mumbai's changing population
Problems
Social
Housing problems
Orphaned children
Overcrowding
Preventable diseases
Economic
Not enough jobs to supply
More money spent on housing
More beggars
Environmental
Pollution
Open Sewers
Air
Noise
Visible
Challenges facing Mumbai
Free education (Public)
Healthcare (NHS)
Transport (Tube, busses and roads)
Entertainment
Entertainment
Opportunities
Government benefits
Huge housing shortages because of the population growth
Conditions are horrendous for squatters - Dharavi
£500 people die on Mumbai's railway each year - Preventable
Rural - Urban Migration of Mumbai
More jobs
Better education. Mumbai has 12 universities. Literacy rate is 95% compared to the national average 87%
Entertainment options for those who can afford them
Bollywood
More access to job opportunities, especially for young educated people
Higher income
Better quality of life
Mumbai's natural increase is 1.4% per year accounting for nearly half of Mumbai's annual growth
Over 42 million Indians live in slums. And slums India's cities alone, 87 million people live below the poverty line.
Sustainable Mumbai
Top-Down Development
Large Scale
Expensive
Government's choice
Neglects local people
These tend to be big schemes and decisions are made by he national government. Local people who often live near the scheme do not get involved in the process.
'Vision Mumbai'
Positives
By 2007, 200,000 people were moved, 45000 homes were demolished in Dharavi to replace them with flats
Piped water and sewerage systems were established for the new flats
By 2015, 72 new trains were introduced on Mumbai's railways.
Platforms were raised to prevent people falling into gaps between the trains and platforms
In 2015, new measures were introduced to improve air quality
Negatives
Many prefer sum improvement (e.g. Piped water) to demolition
New 14 storey apartments have split communities
Rent costs more than in the slums
Small workshops would have to move or go out of business, affecting Mumbai's recycling industry
4 main goals
Demolish slums and provide better and cheaper housing
Improve transport
Improve water sanitation and healthcare
Boost economic growth (TNC's/more high pay jobs
Bottom-Up Development
Community work
Small scale
Cheap
Includes local people
It's where experts work with communities to identify their needs, offer assistance and let people have control of their lives
NGO - Non Government Organisations
They usually work on bottom-up development schemes
LSS Health Charity - Lok Seva Sangam
Health Related Work
LSS expanded its work to the nearby slum of Baiganwadi
In Dharavi, 1980s, it had 4000 leprosy. By 2007, it reduced to 219
In 30 years, it treated 30,000 people, 75% cured
Education
Educates people about symptoms, to recognise and care and treat
Treats people by persuading treatment is easy, following up patients and carrying out check ups
Focusing upon education 'SET', Survey, Education, Treatment
Community Work
Work with communities to teach about health
Exhibitions and group talks
Mainly works with women
Sanitation
Education of vermiculite
Activities
Difficulties
A difficulty would be funding to expand as they need a lot more staff and to provide them wages too. The main way they're getting money is by donations by people and only a small amount by the government