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Hormones ((Kidney (Calcitriol (1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3) (Active form of vit…

- - - - Adrenaline
        
        Adrenergic receptor
        
        Nearly all tissues
        
        Fight or flight
        
        Max glucose levels
        
        ↑ Lipolysis
        
        ↑ Glycogenolysis
        
        ↑ BP
        
        ↑ HR
        
        Bronchodilation
        
        Blood to muscles
    - - Zona glomerulosa
        
        Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
        
        MR
        
        Kidneys
        
        Increase blood volume by reabsorption of Na+
        
        K+ and H+ secretion
      - Zona fasciculata
        
        Cortisol (glucocorticoid)
        
        GR
        
        Liver: gluconeogenesis
        
        Muscle: inhibition of glucose uptake
        
        Adipose tissue
        
        Inhibition of glucose uptake
        
        Stimulation of fat breakdown
        
        Mobilisation of amino acids
        
        Anti-inflammatory
        
        Immunosuppressive
      - Zona reticularis
        
        DHEA (androgen)
        
        Also released by ovary and testes
        
        Anabolic effects
        
        Virilisation
        
        AR
      - Go find rex, make good sex
  - - - CCK receptor
        
        Pancreas
        
        Release digestive enzymes
        
        Gallbladder
        
        Release bile
        
        Hypothalamus
        
        Hunger suppressant
    - - SCT receptor
      - Secretion of bicarbonate
        
        Liver
        
        Pancreas
        
        Duodenum (Brunner's glands)
      - Enhance CCK effects
      - Stops gastric acid production
    - - GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide)
        
        GIPR
        
        Pancreatic β cells
        
        Induces insulin secretion
      - Also secreted by jejunum mucosa
  - - - Heart
        
        Stimulate contractility
      - Vessels
        
        Vasodilation
        
        ↓ BP
      - Trachea
      - GI
    - - Trachea
      - Stomach
      - Gall bladder
  - - - GLP1 (glucagon-like peptide-1)
        
        GLP1R & GLP2R
        
        Pancreatic β cells
        
        Stimulates adenylyl cyclase pathway
        
        ↑ insulin synthesis and release
  - - - Motilin receptor
      - Stimulates gastric activity
  - - - Grehlin
        
        Grehlin receptor
        
        Hypothalamus
        
        ↑ appetite
        
        AP
        
        Secretion of GH from AP
    - - Gastrin
        
        CCK2
        
        Parietal cells
        
        Secretion of gastric acid
        
        Also secreted by duodenum
  - - - Enkephalin
        
        Opiod receptor
        
        Regulate pain
    - - EPO (erythropoietin)
        
        EpoR
        
        Stimulate erythrocyte production
    - - Renin
        
        Converts angiotensinogen into AT1 (activating renin-angiotensin system)
    - - See liver
    - - Also secreted by skin
      - Inactive form of vit D3
      - VDR
    - - Active form of vit D3
      - Also secreted by skin
      - VDR
      - G and kidneysI: ↑ Ca2+ and phosphate absorption
      - Inhibits PTH release
  - - - AT receptor (↑ IP3)
      - Vasoconstriction
      - Release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex
    - - Ferroportin
      - Inhibits iron export from cells
    - - Insulin receptor
      - IGF-1
      - Insulin-like effects
      - Regulates cell growth and development
    - - Thrombopoietin
        
        Also secreted by kidney and striated muscle
        
        TPO receptor (megakaryocytes)
        
        Produce platelets
  - - - Amylin
        
        Amylin receptor
        
        Slows gastric emptying
        
        Inhibits digestive secretion
        
        Reduces food intake
      - Insulin
        
        Insulin receptor
        
        IGF-1
        
        IGF-2
        
        Liver & muscle
        
        Glucose uptake
        
        Glycogenesis
        
        Glycolysis
        
        Adipocytes
        
        Lipid uptake
        
        Triglyceride synthesis
        
        General anabolic effects
    - - Glucagon
        
        Glucagon receptor (↑ cAMP)
        
        Liver
        
        Glycogenolysis
        
        Gluconeogenesis
        
        ↑ blood glucose level
    - - Pancreatic polypeptide
        
        PP receptor 1
        
        Self-regulation of endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secretions
        
        Effect on hepatic glycogen levels
        
        Effect on GI secretions
    - - Somatostatin
        
        See hypothalamus
- - - - Melatonin receptor
        
        Peripheral tissue
        
        CNS
      - Circadian rhythm
  - - - ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone)
        
        ACTH receptor (↑ cAMP)
        
        Adrenal cortex
        
        Synthesis of corticosteroids
    - - FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
        
        FSH receptor
        
        ♀: ovaries
        
        Stimulates maturation of graafian follicles
        
        ♂: testes
        
        Enhances production of androgen binding protein by sertoli cells
        
        Spermatogenesis
      - LH (luitenising hormone)
        
        LHR (↑ cAMP)
        
        ♀: ovulation
        
        ♂: Leydig cell production of testosterone
    - - GH (growth hormone)
        
        GH receptor
        
        Muscle
        
        Sarcomere hypertrophy
        
        Protein synthesis
        
        Liver
        
        ↓ glucose uptake
        
        ↑ gluconeogenesis
        
        Produce insulin-like growth factor 1
        
        Bone & cartilage
        
        Strengthens bone (Ca2+)
        
        Internal organs (bar brain)
        
        Organ growth
    - - TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
        
        Thyrotropin receptor
        
        Thyroid gland
        
        Secrete T3 and T4
    - - Prolactin
        
        PRL receptor
        
        Uterus
        
        Sexual gratification
        
        Mammary glands
        
        Milk production
        
        Also secreted by uterus (decidual cells)
    - - MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)
        
        Melanocortin receptor (↑ cAMP)
        
        Skin
        
        Hair
        
        Melanogenesis
        
        Also produced in pars intermedia in fetus
  - - - PRH (prolactin-releasing hormone)
      - GnRH (gonadotrophin-releasing hormone)
      - CRH (corticotrophin-releasing hormone)
      - TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone)
    - - Somatostatin (GH inhibitory hormone)
        
        Somatostatin receptor
        
        AP
        
        Inhibits GH and TRH release
        
        GI
        
        Suppresses release of GI hormones
        
        Lowers rate of gastric emptying
        
        Pancreas
        
        Inhibits insulin release (β cells)
        
        Inhibits glucagon release (α cells)
        
        Suppresses exocrine secretory action
        
        Also secreted by GI system and Islets of Langerhans (delta cells)
    - - ADH
        
        See posterior pituitary
  - - - ADH (antidiuretic hormone)/ vasopressin
        
        Also secreted by hypothalamus
        
        AVPRs
        
        VACM-1
        
        Kidney retention of water
        
        Moderate vasoconstriction
        
        Release ACTH in anterior pituitary
      - Oxytocin
        
        OXT receptor (↑ IP3)
        
        Release breast milk
        
        Contraction of cervix and vagina
        
        Involved in orgasm
        
        Involved in bond-forming
        
        Circadian homeostasis
        
        Body temp
        
        Wakefulness
        
        Activity level
- - - - Prolactin (see AP)
  - - - hCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin)
        
        LH receptor (↑ cAMP)
        
        Promotes maintenance of corpus luteum (beginning of pregnancy)
        
        Inhibits immune response to embryo
    - - Increase production of insulin and IGF-1
      - Increase insulin resistance
      - Increase carbohydrate intolerance
  - - - Anti-müllerian hormone
        
        AMHR2
        
        Inhibit release of PRL and TRH from AP
      - Inhibin
        
        Also secreted by ovary (granulosa cells) and fetus (trophoblasts)
        
        Anterior pituitary
        
        Inhibit production of FHS
      - Oestrogen
        
        Prevent apoptosis of germ cells
    - - Prostate
      - Bulbourethral gland
      - Seminal vesicles
      - Penis
      - Scrotum
      - Promotes:
        
        Growth
        
        Mitosis
        
        Maturation
        
        Differentiation
      - Converted from testosterone by 5-α reductase within target tissues
    - - Testosterone
        
        Anabolic
        
        ↑ Muscle mass & strength
        
        ↑ Bone density, growth & strength
        
        ↑ Libido
        
        Virilising
        
        Maturation of sex organs
        
        Deepening of voice
        
        Growth of beard and axillary hair
        
        AR
  - - - Oestrogen
        
        Also secreted by testes (sertoli cells)
        
        ER
        
        Structural
        
        Secondary sexual characteristics
        
        Endometrial growth
        
        Uterine growth
        
        Blood vessels and skin maintenance
        
        ↓ bone resorption
        
        Coagulation
        
        ↑ factors: 2, 7, 9, 10, antithrombin III and plasminogen
        
        ↑ platelet adhesiveness
        
        Fluid
        
        Na and water retention
        
        ↑ GH
        
        ↑ cortisol
        
        GI
        
        ↓ bowel motility
        
        ↑ cholesterol in bile
        
        Lung: support alveoli
    - - PR
      - Pregnancy
        
        Cervical mucus permeable to sperm
        
        Inhibit immune response to embryo
        
        Decrease smooth muscle contractility of uterus
        
        Inhibit lactation
        
        Inhibits labour onset
        
        Supports fetal production of gluco- and mineralocorticoids
      - Anti-inflammatory
      - Normalises clotting
      - Normalises vascular tone
      - Assists in thyroid function
      - Aids osteoblasts in bone growth
      - Regulation of collagen (healing)
- - - - Thriiodothyronine (T3)
        
        Thyroid receptor
        
        Nearly every cell
        
        ↑ metabolism
    - - Thyroxine (T4)
        
        Thyroid receptor
        
        Weaker effect than T3
    - - Calcitonin
        
        CT receptor (↑ cAMP)
        
        Construct bone
        
        Reduce blood Ca2+
  - - - ANP receptor (↑ cGMP)
        
        Kidneys
        
        ↑ GFR
        
        Decreased Na+ reabsorption
        
        Inhibits renin
      - ↓ extracellular fluid volume by ↑ Na+ excretion
    - - NPR
        
        Brain
      - ↓ degree than ANP
        
        ↓ systemic vascular resistance
        
        ↓ blood water, Na+ and fats
  - - - PTH (parathyroid hormone)
        
        PTH receptor (↑ cAMP)
        
        ↑ blood Ca2+
        
        Indirectly stimulates osteoclasts
        
        Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney
        
        activates vit D
        
        slightly ↓ blood phosphate
        
        activates vit D
        
        (decreased reuptake in kidney BUT increased uptake from bones)
- - - - Adipose tissue
      - Skeletal muscle
  - - - Hypothalamus
        
        ↓ appetite
      - Periphery