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Dispersal and Movement (also imp (how muscles attached makes joints wk (eg…

- - - - movement from parent or existing pop
        
        almost all have life cycle stage
      - can happen wo E input
        
        eg. parachute - on wind
      - advantages
        
        colonization of more suitable habitats
        
        away from mating w close relatives
        
        avoid predators or pathogen
        
        away from local crowding/competition
      - Janzen-Connell hypothesis
        
        probability of survival increases w distance from tree
        
        away from tree's pathogens, predators
        
        probability of dispersal decreases w distance
        
        successful offspring in the middle
    - - ability to move around habitat and among habitats
        
        for finding food, mating, escaping predators, finding duitable habitat
- - - - sometimes by wind, mostly by animals
  - - - eg. larval forms that can get long distances, oyster
  - - - germinates-->gametophyte
        
        packages in pollen in gymno and angio- dispersed
        
        both gymno and angio have seeds- dispersal units
        
        gymno seeds (2n/n/2n)
        
        angio seeds (2n/3n/2n)
        
        embryo w nutritional material and seed coat
        
        seed dispersal in gymno and angio
        
        by water- eg coconut- entire fruit
        
        by wind
        
        eg winged, balloons
        
        by animals
        
        has to make fleshy fruit to feed
        
        sticky- not as much invest in nutri tissue
        
        food bodies
        
        pollen dispersal in gymno and angio
        
        by wind
        
        lack fragrance and showy colors- no reward for pollinators
        
        wind carries long distance
        
        by pollinators
        
        reward for and attract pollinators
        
        eg. tubular, red for hummingbirds, smell for flies, petals w colors, mice
        
        colors, smells
        
        -->flagellated sperm (n)- another unit
- - - - muscle structrure
        
        many nuclei
        
        actin and myosin
        
        myosin thicker
        
        has globular heads
        
        actin thinner
        
        2 strings of monomers
        
        tropomyosin
        
        covers active sites in actin for myosin
        
        troponin
        
        w actin
        
        w myosin
        
        w Ca2+
        
        from sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER for muscle cell)
        
        GO OVER STEPS OF POWER STROKE
        
        sliding filament model of movement
        
        overlap greater when muscle constricted
        
        M band
        
        scaffolding for myosin
        
        Z line
        
        where sarcomeres come together
        
        H zone
        
        where myosin, no actin at moment
        
        can get smaller as actin moves in
        
        I band
        
        gets narrower as contracts
        
        where actin, no myosin
        
        GO OVER PARTS OF STRUCTURE
        
        titin
        
        runs through myosin, bungee cord
        
        how skeletal muscles get Ca2+
        
        action potential starts in cell, travels down T tubule
        
        gets to DHP (dihydropyridine) receptor attached to ryanodine receptor
        
        when + charge gets to it, plug is pulled out
        
        Ca2+ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum, leaks out through hole
        
        1 more item...
        
        (DHP acts as stopper, plugging ryanodine up)
        
        GO OVER
        
        sarcomere
      - 2 kinds
        
        slow twitch fibers/red muscle
        
        myoglobin helps bring in O
        
        lot of mitochondria, bl vessels
        
        sustains activity
        
        eg. dark meat, legs, thighs
        
        fast twitch fibers/white muscle
        
        high ATPase activity
        
        can recycle cross bridges, connecting and reconnecting really fast
        
        not really motochon, ATP is for short term
        
        for quick strength, not sustained exercise
        
        eg. white meat in chicken, breast
        
        mixed in, it's the proportion
    - - muscles smaller in length
      - highly branched
      - one nucleus
      - discs connect cells w gap junctions bt
        
        allows electrical impulses to travel easily bt cells
      - muscles itself generates electrical impulses
    - - sheets instead of long, thin fibers
      - role of Ca2+ diff
        
        Ca2+ doesnt have to be stim by nerve impluses, can be by hormones/stretching
        
        Ca mediated chg is on myosin, not actin
        
        Ca2+ calmodulin myosin kinase puts ATP on mysosin
        
        actin already has active sites exposed, ca activates myosin
      - on nucleus
      - not as arranged as skeletal muscle, no bands
  - - - ATP available
      - not good storage molecule, not much
      - creatine phosphate can be used to make more, quick, still not much
      - used in 30 s
    - - in cytoplasm, can lead to lactic acid production
      - used up
    - - long lasting
      - ATP generated in mitochondria
  - - - overlaspping
      - cant get more wk out of muscle
    - - little overlap
      - cant get wk out
- - - - hydrostatic skeleton
        
        water filled sacs
      - longitudinal muscles
        
        constrict, shorten segments, pull back part forward
      - circular muscles
        
        constrict, elongate segments, push forward