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Increasing demand for energy (Energy Consumption (Energy consumption per…
Increasing demand for energy
Energy Consumption
Primary = refers to natural energy, that havent been converted into another form of energy
Secondary = primary sources being converted to electricity
Energy consumption per capita
Environmental priorities
Physical availability
Climate
Threats to energy security
Affordable price
Reliable energy supplies
Accessible and available energy supply
Crude oil exploration
Benefits
Bring wealth to a country
Support economy in a recession
Large worldwide demand
Problems
Contributes to global warming
Wars have been fought over oil
Oil spills - deepwater horizon
Energy Players
TNCs
Generated at large power stations, connected to national grid
Gazprom owns 17% of global natural gas reserves
Influential over governments on energy supply
OPEC
Intergovernmental organisation, to coordinate oil prices
Regard OPEC as a cartel that fixes price and dictates supply
Controls over 40% of world's oil supply
Energy Companies
Driven by profits - rather than meeting consumers demand
Suppliers buy energy in the wholesale market
British Gas and EDF
Governments
Aim to be energy secure
Diversity of energy mix / increasing renewables
Give licenses for drilling and exploration
Reliance of fossil fuels
Major Pathways
Yamal - Europe pipeline = 4100km from Russia to Germany
Keystone XL = between Western Canada & Nebraska
Kazakhstan - China - 2800 pipe transporting oil
Geopolitical conflicts
Pirates = over 500 attacks from 2009-15 in SE Asia
Storms = storm damage to pipelines
Military action = pipelines in Nigeria bombed, losing 300,000 barrels a day
Politics = Iran wants a share of EU market, which Russia supports
Unconventional Fossil Fuels
Deep Water Oil
Players
Consumers who purchase the oil
Media & local residents who have an opinion
OPEC who will see a rise in competition
National governments
Oil companies: Exxon & Shell
Costs
Development of technology is expensive
Increased reliance on fossil fuels
Environmental disasters
Benefits
Making countries energy secure
Reaps economic benefits
Artificial reefs created
Technology has allowed for drilling in deeper ocean water
Become more exploited as convetional oil prices rise
Tar Sands
Players
Governments - Alberta Regional gov
Oil companies - Shell and Exxon Mobil
Envrionmental pressure groups
Local communities
Costs
Expensive compared to crude oil
1.8 million tonnes of toxic waste produced every day
Adds to greenhouse gas emissions
Benefits
Provides alternative source of oil
Vital revenue for locals
2030, could meet 16% of North Americas needs
Deposit of sand impregnated with bitumen
Canada holds the biggest reserves
Extracted by opencast mining
Biofuels
Costs
High costs of production
Monculture - depriving soil of nutrients
Shortage of food
Benefits
Cost the same as gasoline
Reduce greenhouse gases by 65%
Provides energy security
Combustive fuels made from recently harvested plants
Nuclear Energy
Costs
Disposal of waste is expensive
Decommissioning is expensive
Risk of meltdown - Chernobyl
Benefits
Require little space
Don't generate Carbon emisisons
Reliant source
20% of US's electricity is created by nuclear
Tidal Energy
Costs
Relies on manipulation of sea levels
Plants constructed near land
New tech = expensive
Benefits
Currents are predictable
Offer flood protection
Water is more dense
Converts energy obtained from tides into useful forms of power
CCS
Costs
Carbon leakages have short-term impact
Long term impacts are unknown
Cost of CCS is very high
Benefits
Reduce CO2 levels
Provides jobs 4 community
Significant in reaching energy demand
Collects CO2 emissions from power plants
Storage is then monitored