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Social Psychology: Understanding how we interact with people (Group…
Social Psychology:
Understanding how we interact with people
Attributions
:
Judgements about the
cause
of a persons behavior
Dispositional
:
-Suggest that behavior is caused by things
under
their control
-i.e Personality, past actions, other internal factors
Situational
:
-Behavior is caused by things
not
under their control
-i.e Other people's actions, other unknown circumstances, external factors
Biased Attributions
Correspondence Bias
:
-When behavior is explained as dispositional even when it can be explained by situation
-i.e Thinking a cashier is friendly even though it's their job to be nice
Fundamental Attribution Error
:
-Behavior explanation focus on dispositional factors and ignore situational factors
-i.e Thinking bad things about someone who cut you off even though you don't know the reason for it
Actor-Observer Bias
:
-Emphasize dispositional attributions to explain behavior of others
-Emphasize situational attributions about yourself
-i.e Thinking you did bad on a test b/c of teacher while thinking everyone else did b/c they didn't study
Self-Serving Bias
:
-Attribute success to dispositional factors while attributing failure to situational factors
-i.e We won team bout b/c of my skills
-We lost bout b/c other players weren't focused
Just-World Belief
:
-Current situational factors used to judge a person's disposition
-Good things happen to good people
-Bad things happen to bad people
-People get what they deserve
First Impressions
:
-Quick assessments
-Focus on key traits/behaviors
-Are persistent
Halo effect
:
-When one characteristic greatly affects overall impression
-i.e Being beautiful creates assumptions like being nice or smart too
Attitudes
:
-Favorable/unfavorable evaluations that predispose behavior
-Helpful in making decisions/influence behavior
Basic Elements of Attitudes
:
-Affect(emotion)
-Behavior
-Cognition(beliefs)
Formed By
:
-Personal experience
-Social interaction
-Learning
-Genes: twins tend to have the same attitudes about things
Cognitive Dissonance
:
Uncomfortable state that occurs when behavior and attitudes don't match up
Persuasion
:
When we change attitude in response to info given by others
Elaboration Likelihood Model
:
Predicts response to persuasive messages by distinguishing between the central/peripheral persuasion
Central Route
-Focuses on actual arguments like statistics
-Uses Critical Thinking
Peripheral Route
-Focuses on cues
-i.e Style of the persuasive message
-Manner in which message is presented
-Emotional Appeals
-Speaker Characteristics:Who's giving the message
Prejudice
:
Prejudgment/attitude, usually negative, of another person
Group Processes
Social Facilitation
:
-Presence of other people change our performance
-when performing a
new
skill-> performance bad(i.e screwing up a speech in front of people)
-When performing a well-practiced skill,->performance improved(i.e comedian improving bc of laughs of audience)
Social Loafing
:
-Reduced motivation/effort by individual in a group
i.e Tug of War: Most don't go all out bc they think everyone else will
Group Polarization
:
-Intensifying attitude following discussion w/ others
i.e Saying smoking is bad, others agreeing w/ you so you say smoking should be banned
Group(don't)think
:
-When group members suppress/ignore dissenting/different opinions for the sake of group cohesion, which leads to flawed decision making
i.e Google glasses makers didn't listen to safety concerns so created bad decisions
Deindividuation
:
-Immersion of an individual within a group leading to anonymity
-Feeling they're incognito in crowds
i.e people rioting and breaking into stores
People trampling over people during Black Friday
Social Norms
:
-Unwritten rules for behavior
i.e Holding the door for people, keeping their distance, minding their own business
Conformity
:
Conforming to social norms to fit in to a group and not get rejected
Compliance
-A request of an individual who has no authority
Encourages creation of friendships
We comply to requests to people we want to build relationships with
Reciprocation
-Feeling obligated to give back to someone who has given us something
Door in the Face Method
-When the requesting person starts off with a high amount then goes to the low amount of what they want
i.e Someone asking to donate $100 to just $5 a month
Consistency
-Wanting to be consistent with others
Foot in the Door Method
-Starting with a low request and then followed by a larger request
i.e Wanting to donate $5, then 6, 7, 8, etc.
Low-Balling Strategy
-When an initially favorable deal is revised to be less favorable, usually after the person is committed
i.e Adding more to the price of the car after the buyer is committed to buy